Background

Integrated steelmaking is known to emit coarse airborne ‘nuisance’ dust (10–100 µm) to the production site and in the local environs. We present a method to quantitatively analyse the provenance, mineralogical and chemical attributes of the constituent particles in nuisance dust related to the integrated steelworks of Tata Steel, IJmuiden, the Netherlands. The dust is characterised per particle, using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) microanalysis, and in bulk with quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Based on mineralogical characteristics, particles in the dust are sorted into populations that can be related in detail to industrial processes and subsequent atmospheric weathering influence. The method is illustrated by application to a nuisance dust complaint sample from the neighbouring town Wijk aan Zee containing a large contribution of several dust sources from the integrated steelworks.

Results

Besides a background contribution from urban and natural dust, diverse sources from the integrated steelworks are identified in the nuisance dust sample, derived from coke-making, iron-ore agglomeration processes and blast furnace ironmaking, steelmaking slag processing, process fluxes, as well as steelmaking refractory materials. The most voluminous of these in the sample are directly verified by comparison with a set of reference source materials. The abundances, mineralogical and chemical attributes of the various dust particle populations in the sample are quantitatively examined including, specifically, the occurrence of the potentially toxic elements Mn and V. These elements occur with highest concentrations in dust derived from steelmaking converter slag: V is housed in dilute form (solid solution) in the phases di-calcium silicate and brownmillerite, and Mn chiefly in Mg–Fe-oxide (Mg-wustite ((Mg,Mn,Fe)O) and its oxidation product ((Mg,Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mn)₂O₄)).

Conclusions

By treating nuisance dust as a particulate, multi-phase, multi-source material, the outlined method provides crucial information for toxicological evaluation and for mitigation of emissions, which is not obtainable by bulk chemical analyses alone. It also helps address the lack of adequate monitoring options for deposits of nuisance dust from integrated steel production, necessary to evaluate the relationship between deposition and monitored emissions that are regulated by the European Industrial Emissions Directive and by local permits based on this legislation.

中文翻译：

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综合钢铁厂有害粉尘的分析方法：来源的化学和矿物学特征

背景

众所周知，综合炼钢会向生产现场和当地环境散发粗粒的“滋扰性”粉尘（10–100 µm）。我们提出了一种方法，用于定量分析与塔塔钢铁公司（IJmuiden），荷兰艾塔综合钢铁厂有关的有害尘埃中构成成分的来源，矿物学和化学属性。使用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱（SEM-EDS）微观分析，以及使用定量X射线衍射（XRD）分析，对每个颗粒的粉尘进行表征。根据矿物学特征，粉尘中的颗粒被分类为可与工业过程和随后的大气风化影响详细相关的种群。

结果

除了城市和自然粉尘的背景影响外，在滋扰粉尘样本中还发现了来自综合钢铁厂的各种来源，这些粉尘来自于炼焦，铁矿石团聚过程和高炉炼铁，炼钢炉渣加工，工艺助熔剂以及炼钢耐火材料。通过与一组参考源材料进行比较，直接验证了样品中最大量的这些物质。对样品中各种粉尘颗粒群的丰度，矿物学和化学属性进行了定量检查，其中包括特别是潜在有毒元素Mn和V的存在。这些元素在炼钢转炉炉渣中产生的粉尘中浓度最高：₂ O ₄））。

结论

通过将滋扰性粉尘视为颗粒状，多相，多来源的物质，概述的方法为毒理学评估和减排提供了关键信息，而这些信息仅靠批量化学分析无法获得。它还有助于解决缺乏针对集成钢生产中的有害粉尘沉积物的适当监控选项的问题，这对于评估沉积物与受监控排放物之间的关系是必要的，而该关系受欧洲工业排放指令和基于该法规的当地许可法规所监管。