Castanea sativa cultivation has been present in Mediterranean regions since ancient times. In order to promote a circular economy, it is of great importance to valorize chestnut groves’ by-products. In this study, leaves and spiny burs from twenty-four Castanea trees were analyzed by ¹H NMR metabolomics to provide an overview of their phytochemical profile. The Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) performed on these data allowed us to distinguish ‘Marrone’ from ‘Castagna’, since the latter were generally more enriched with secondary metabolites, in particular, flavonoids (astragalin, isorhamnetin glucoside, and myricitrin) were dominant. Knowing that microglia are involved in mediating the oxidative and inflammatory response of the central nervous system, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of extracts derived from leaves and spiny burs were evaluated in a neuroinflammatory cell model: BV-2 microglia cells. The tested extracts showed cytoprotective activity (at 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL) after inflammation induction by 5 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the transcriptional levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-kB expression induced by LPS were significantly decreased by cell incubation with spiny burs and leaves extracts. Taken together, the obtained results are promising and represent an important step to encourage recycling and valorization of chestnut byproducts, usually considered “waste”.

中文翻译：

---

板栗树丛的栗叶的叶片和棘突：代谢组学分析和抗神经炎活性

自古以来，地中海地区就已经开始种植栗木。为了促进循环经济，使板栗林的副产品保持价值非常重要。在这项研究中，通过¹来分析二十四种栗树的叶子和刺针1 H NMR代谢组学概述其植物化学特征。对这些数据进行的正交投影至潜在结构判别分析（OPLS-DA）使我们能够将“ Marrone”与“ Castagna”区分开来，因为后者通常富含次生代谢产物，尤其是类黄酮（阿司他林，异鼠李素糖苷，和杨梅素）占主导地位。知道小胶质细胞参与介导中枢神经系统的氧化和炎症反应，因此在神经炎性细胞模型：BV-2小胶质细胞中评估了源自叶和刺突的提取物的潜在抗炎作用。经测试的提取物在通过5 µg / mL脂多糖（LPS）诱导炎症后显示出细胞保护活性（分别为0.1和0.5 mg / mL）。此外，刺针和叶片提取物孵育后，LPS诱导的IL-1β，TNF-α和NF-kB的转录水平显着降低。综上所述，所获得的结果是有希望的，并代表了鼓励栗子副产品（通常被视为“废物”）的循环利用和增值的重要一步。