Long-term noise exposure often results in noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Tinnitus, the generation of phantom sounds, can also result from noise exposure, although understanding of its underlying mechanisms are limited. Recent studies, however, are shedding light on the neural processes involved in NIHL and tinnitus, leading to potential new and innovative treatments. This review focuses on the assessment of NIHL, available treatments, and development of new pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments based on recent studies of central auditory plasticity and adaptive changes in hearing. We discuss the mechanisms and maladaptive plasticity of NIHL, neuronal aspects of tinnitus triggers, and mechanisms such as tinnitus-associated neural changes at the cochlear nucleus underlying the generation of tinnitus after noise-induced deafferentation. We include observations from recent studies, including our own studies on associated risks and emerging treatments for tinnitus. Increasing knowledge of neural plasticity and adaptive changes in the central auditory system suggest that NIHL is preventable and transient abnormalities may be reversable, although ongoing research in assessment and early detection of hearing difficulties is still urgently needed. Since no treatment can yet reverse noise-related damage completely, preventative strategies and increased awareness of hearing health are essential.

中文翻译：

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噪声引起的听力损失和耳鸣—疾病评估，治疗和预防的新研究进展和剩余差距

长期暴露于噪音中通常会导致噪音诱发的听力损失（NIHL）。耳鸣是幻象声音的产生，也可能是由于暴露于噪声而引起的，尽管对其潜在机理的理解是有限的。然而，最近的研究揭示了与NIHL和耳鸣有关的神经过程，从而导致了潜在的新型治疗方法。这篇综述基于对中央听觉可塑性和听力适应性变化的最新研究，着重于对NIHL的评估，可用治疗以及新药理学和非药理学治疗的开发。我们讨论了NIHL的机制和适应不良的可塑性，耳鸣触发器的神经元方面，以及诸如噪音引起的脱除咖啡因后的耳鸣背后的耳蜗核的耳鸣相关神经变化等机制。我们包括最近研究的观察结果，包括我们自己对耳鸣的相关风险和新兴治疗方法的研究。对神经可塑性和中枢听觉系统适应性变化的了解不断增加，尽管仍然急需评估和早期发现听力障碍的研究，但NIHL是可以预防的，短暂性异常可能是可逆的。由于尚无治疗可完全逆转与噪声相关的损害，因此必须采取预防策略并增强对听力健康的认识。对神经可塑性和中枢听觉系统适应性变化的了解不断增加，尽管仍然急需评估和早期发现听力障碍的研究，但NIHL是可以预防的，短暂性异常可能是可逆的。由于尚无治疗可完全逆转与噪声相关的损害，因此必须采取预防策略并增强对听力健康的认识。对神经可塑性和中枢听觉系统适应性变化的了解不断增加，尽管仍然急需评估和早期发现听力障碍的研究，但NIHL是可以预防的，短暂性异常可能是可逆的。由于尚无治疗可完全逆转与噪声相关的损害，因此必须采取预防策略并增强对听力健康的认识。