Many viruses possess temporally unfolding gene expression patterns aimed at subverting host defenses, commandeering host metabolism, and ultimately producing a large number of progeny virions. High-throughput omics tools, such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), have dramatically enhanced the resolution of expression patterns during infection. Less studied have been viral satellites, mobile genomes that parasitize viruses. By performing RNA-seq on infection time courses, we have obtained the first time-resolved transcriptomes for bacteriophage satellites during lytic infection. Specifically, we have acquired transcriptomes for the lytic Vibrio cholerae phage ICP1 and all five known variants of ICP1’s parasite, the phage inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs). PLEs rely on ICP1 for both DNA replication and mobilization and abolish production of ICP1 progeny in infected cells. We investigated PLEs’ impact on ICP1 gene expression and found that PLEs did not broadly restrict or reduce ICP1 gene expression. A major exception occurred in ICP1’s capsid morphogenesis operon, which was downregulated by each of the PLE variants. Surprisingly, PLEs were also found to alter the gene expression of CTXΦ, the integrative phage that encodes cholera toxin and is necessary for virulence of toxigenic V. cholerae. One PLE, PLE1, upregulated CTXΦ genes involved in replication and integration and boosted CTXΦ mobility following induction of the SOS response.

中文翻译：

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病毒卫星家族操纵入侵病毒基因表达并影响霍乱毒素动员

许多病毒具有暂时展开的基因表达模式，旨在破坏宿主防御、控制宿主新陈代谢并最终产生大量子代病毒粒子。高通量组学工具，如 RNA 测序 (RNA-seq)，极大地提高了感染过程中表达模式的分辨率。研究较少的是病毒卫星，即寄生病毒的移动基因组。通过对感染时间过程进行 RNA-seq，我们在裂解感染期间获得了噬菌体卫星的第一个时间分辨转录组。具体而言，我们已经获得了转录裂解霍乱弧菌噬菌体ICP1 ICP1和的寄生虫的所有5个已知变种，该p哈格诱导染色体岛-升艾克È lements（普莱斯）。PLE 依赖 ICP1 进行 DNA 复制和动员，并消除受感染细胞中 ICP1 后代的产生。我们调查了 PLEs 对 ICP1 基因表达的影响，发现 PLEs 不会广泛限制或减少 ICP1 基因表达。ICP1 的衣壳形态发生操纵子发生了一个主要的例外，它被每个 PLE 变体下调。令人惊讶的是，还发现 PLE 会改变 CTXΦ 的基因表达，CTXΦ 是编码霍乱毒素的整合噬菌体，是产毒霍乱弧菌毒力所必需的。一个PLE，PLE1，上调了参与复制和整合的CTXΦ基因，并在诱导SOS反应后提高了CTXΦ的迁移率。