The development of gametes in plants is acutely susceptible to heatwaves as brief as a few days, adversely affecting pollen maturation and reproductive success. Pollen in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was differentially affected when tetrad and binucleate stages were exposed to heat, revealing new insights into the interaction between heat and pollen development. Squares were tagged and exposed to 36/25°C (day/night, moderate heat) or 40/30°C (day/night, extreme heat) for 5 days. Mature pollen grains and leaves were collected for physiological and proteomic responses. While photosynthetic competence was not compromised even at 40°C, leaf tissues became leakier. In contrast, pollen grains were markedly smaller after the tetrad stage was exposed to 40°C and boll production was reduced by 65%. Sugar levels in pollen grains were elevated after exposure to heat, eliminating carbohydrate deficits as a likely cause of poor reproductive capacity. Proteomic analysis of pure pollen samples revealed a particularly high abundance of 70-kDa heat shock (Hsp70s) and cytoskeletal proteins. While short-term bursts of heat had a minor impact on leaves, male gametophyte development was profoundly damaged. Cotton acclimates to maxima of 36°C at both the vegetative and reproductive stages but 5-days exposure to 40°C significantly impairs reproductive development.

中文翻译：

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棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）的花粉发育对四分体阶段的热暴露高度敏感

植物中配子的发育非常容易受到短短几天的热浪的影响，从而对花粉成熟和繁殖成功产生不利影响。棉花中的花粉（Gossypium hirsutum) 当四分体和双核阶段暴露于热时受到不同的影响，揭示了对热和花粉发育之间相互作用的新见解。方块被标记并暴露在 36/25°C（白天/黑夜，中等热量）或 40/30°C（白天/黑夜，极热）下 5 天。收集成熟的花粉粒和叶子用于生理和蛋白质组学反应。虽然即使在 40°C 下光合作用能力也没有受到影响，但叶片组织变得更加渗漏。相比之下，四分体阶段暴露于 40°C 后，花粉粒明显变小，棉铃产量减少 65%。花粉粒中的糖含量在受热后升高，消除了可能导致生殖能力差的碳水化合物缺乏。纯花粉样品的蛋白质组学分析显示 70 kDa 热休克 (Hsp70s) 和细胞骨架蛋白的丰度特别高。虽然短期的高温爆发对叶子的影响很小，但雄性配子体的发育却受到了严重的破坏。棉花在营养和繁殖阶段都适应了 36°C 的最大值，但在 40°C 下暴露 5 天会显着损害繁殖发育。