Spitefulness is the inclination to inflict harm to someone else even at one's own expenses. The development of a self‐report measure (the Spitefulness Scale [SS]) has fostered the investigation of the relationships between spitefulness and aggression‐related variables.

中文翻译：

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暴力犯罪者的恶意调查：与黑暗三合会和情绪失调的关联

恶意是指甚至不惜自费伤害他人的倾向。自我报告测量（恶意量表 [SS]）的发展促进了对恶意和攻击相关变量之间关系的调查。