Increasing urbanization, landscape conversion, and resource consumption represent the most important, visible and irreversible human-induced actions on Earth. As a consequence, nowadays it is of seminal importance to understand and assess how anthropic pressures are related to the provision of ecosystem services (ES). This paper focuses on urban parks and their provision of water-induced ecosystem services (WES) connected to urban hydrologic cycle. The study uses a broad holistic approach to comprehensively understand the links between anthropic pressures and WES production. With the help of biological, chemical, and physical indicators collected in publicly available databases a scoring matrix was created. The method was applied to two different parks in Turin (Italy), the Arrivore Park and the Michelotti Park. The matrices reveal that anthropic pressures are marked, and the most affected WES are habitat maintenance, recreational services, and the provision of drinkable and non-drinkable water. The hydromorphological alterations are the anthropogenic pressures most strongly present in both parks. More specifically, in the Arrivore Park urbanization represents one of the most important pressures while the main pressures in the Michelotti Park are water abstraction for industrial and agricultural use and point source pollution. This study makes a major contribution to research on WES assessment by demonstrating the possibility to understand and to assess the impact of anthropic pressures. Moreover, the proposed matrix method provides an easy tool to support policymakers, public administrations, and private companies within sustainable urban planning.

中文翻译：

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城市公园涉水生态系统服务综合评价的评分矩阵法

不断增加的城市化、景观转换和资源消耗代表了地球上最重要、最明显和不可逆转的人类活动。因此，如今了解和评估人类压力与生态系统服务 (ES) 的提供之间的关系具有开创性的意义。本文重点介绍城市公园及其提供的与城市水文循环相关的水生生态系统服务 (WES)。该研究使用广泛的整体方法来全面了解人为压力与 WES 生产之间的联系。借助公共数据库中收集的生物、化学和物理指标，创建了评分矩阵。该方法应用于都灵（意大利）的两个不同公园，Arrivore 公园和 Michelotti 公园。矩阵显示人为压力是显着的，受影响最大的 WES 是栖息地维护、娱乐服务以及饮用水和非饮用水的供应。水文形态变化是两个公园中最强烈的人为压力。更具体地说，在 Arrivore 公园，城市化是最重要的压力之一，而 Michelotti 公园的主要压力是工业和农业用水和点源污染的取水。本研究通过展示理解和评估人为压力的影响的可能性，为 WES​​ 评估的研究做出了重大贡献。此外，提议的矩阵方法提供了一个简单的工具来支持可持续城市规划中的决策者、公共行政部门和私营公司。