Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is harvested for its edible kernels. It is an important forest tree species, and also plays an important role in afforestation. Successful afforestation activities strongly depend on the quality of seeds and seedlings. Five eastern native populations of stone pine were analyzed, in terms of their geographical and climatic parameters, in order to identify their cone, seed, pine nut, and seedling traits. With this regard, we aimed to contribute to the reforestation, yield, and breeding of this species. All native populations occur in the sub-humid bioclimatic zone, according to Emberger’s bioclimatic classification, ranging 74.7–63.2 of Emberger’s Q Index value (Q), which synthesizes humidity and temperature, with lower values indicating more arid conditions. With regard to geographical factors, altitude was found to have the greatest effect on cone diameter and seed weight, while there was a weak correlation of cone, seed, and pine nut dimension with longitude and latitude. In terms of climatic factors, Q and mean of the maximum temperature of June, July, and August (ME) were found to be the main drivers behind significant effects in cone, seed, and pine nut morphometric traits. The most negative effect on seed number cone−1 (r: − 0.897), pine nut number cone−1 (r: − 0.923), pine nut yield (r: − 0.903), and pine nut weight (r: − 0.878) was Q, whereas cone diameter, seed length, and seed weight were positively correlated with the ME (r: 0.939, r: 0.889, and r: 0.866, respectively). Cone and seed diameter and seed weight increased with decreasing summer drought index (r: − 0.806, r: − 0.846, and r: − 0.866, respectively). Rainfall in the June of the third year prior to harvest time (RJ) had a negative effect on the percentage of sound seeds per cone. Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time (AR) significantly affected pine nut weight (r: 0.889), although rainfall during summer had a negative effect. The empty seed ratio of the different populations ranged from 20 to 68%, while considering all populations, the empty seed ratio was 46%. The study suggests that the Q Index and ME should be taken into account to determine cone to pine nut yield. With this regard, plantations of stone pine should be established on sub-humid areas and Q values should not exceed 75.

中文翻译：

---

地理气候因素对土耳其原生生境松树松果，种子和幼苗性状变异的影响

石松（Pinus pinea L.）的可食用仁被收获。它是重要的林木树种，在造林中也起着重要作用。成功的造林活动在很大程度上取决于种子和幼苗的质量。根据地理和气候参数，对五个东部东部石松种群进行了分析，以确定它们的球果，种子，松子和幼苗性状。为此，我们旨在为该树种的重新造林，增产和育种做出贡献。根据Emberger的生物气候分类，所有原生种群都发生在半湿润的生物气候带中，其范围为Emberger的Q指数值（Q）的74.7–63.2，该指数综合了湿度和温度，较低的值表明干旱的环境更加严重。关于地理因素，海拔高度对圆锥直径和种子重量的影响最大，而圆锥，种子和松子尺寸与经度和纬度之间的相关性较弱。就气候因素而言，Q，6月，7月和8月的最高温度平均值（ME）被发现是造成锥果，种子和松子形态特征显着影响的主要驱动力。对种子编号锥-1（r：− 0.897），松子编号锥-1（r：− 0.923），松子产量（r：− 0.903）和松子重量（r：− 0.878）的负面影响最大为Q，而圆锥直径，种子长度和种子重量与ME呈正相关（r：0.939，r：0.889和r：0.866）。锥度，种子直径和种子重量随夏季干旱指数的降低而增加（分别为：r：-0.806，r：-0.846和r：-0.866）。在收获时间（RJ）之前的第三年六月的降雨对每个锥体的良种百分比产生负面影响。收获时间（AR）之前第三年的年降雨量显着影响了松子的重量（r：0.889），尽管夏季的降雨量有负面影响。不同种群的空种子比率为20％至68％，而考虑所有种群，空种子比率为46％。研究表明，应将Q指数和ME纳入考虑范围，以确定锥果松子的产量。有鉴于此，应在半湿润地区建立松树人工林，Q值不应超过75。收获时间（AR）之前第三年的年降雨量显着影响了松子的重量（r：0.889），尽管夏季的降雨量有负面影响。不同种群的空种子比率为20％至68％，而考虑所有种群，空种子比率为46％。研究表明，应将Q指数和ME纳入考虑范围，以确定锥果松子的产量。有鉴于此，应在半湿润地区建立松树人工林，Q值不应超过75。收获时间（AR）之前第三年的年降雨量显着影响了松子的重量（r：0.889），尽管夏季的降雨量有负面影响。不同种群的空种子比率为20％至68％，而考虑所有种群，空种子比率为46％。研究表明，应将Q指数和ME纳入考虑范围，以确定锥果松子的产量。有鉴于此，应在半湿润地区建立松树人工林，Q值不应超过75。研究表明，应将Q指数和ME纳入考虑范围，以确定锥果松子的产量。有鉴于此，应在半湿润地区建立松树人工林，Q值不应超过75。研究表明，应将Q指数和ME纳入考虑范围，以确定锥果松子的产量。有鉴于此，应在半湿润地区建立松树人工林，Q值不应超过75。