Perovskite solar cells have been attracted as new representatives for the third-generation photovoltaic devices. Simple strategies for high efficiency with the long-term stability of solar cells are the challenges for commercial solar cell technology. Another challenge of the development toward industrial scale in perovskite solar cells is the production under the ambient and high humidity. In this sense, we successfully fabricated perovskite solar cells via solution depositions of all layers under ambient air with a relative humidity above 50%. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with the roles for efficient charge extraction and electron transportation properties were used as an electron-transporting layer in the cell fabrication. The modification of TiO2 nanoparticles for energy band adjustment was done by doping with nontoxic cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots. With the variation of CdS concentrations, energy band is not only changeable, but the enhancement of the perovskite solar cells efficiency could be achieved compared with the conventional cells made of pristine-TiO2 film and TiO2 nanoparticles.

中文翻译：

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量子点修饰的二氧化钛纳米粒子作为露天制造的平面钙钛矿太阳能电池的能带可调电子传输层

钙钛矿太阳能电池已成为第三代光伏器件的新代表。实现太阳能电池长期稳定性的高效率的简单策略是商业太阳能电池技术的挑战。钙钛矿太阳能电池向工业规模发展的另一个挑战是在环境和高湿度下的生产。从这个意义上说，我们通过在相对湿度高于 50% 的环境空气下通过溶液沉积所有层成功地制造了钙钛矿太阳能电池。二氧化钛 (TiO2) 纳米粒子具有有效的电荷提取和电子传输特性，被用作电池制造中的电子传输层。通过掺杂无毒硫化镉 (CdS) 量子点来对用于能带调节的 TiO2 纳米粒子进行改性。随着CdS浓度的变化，不仅能带发生变化，而且与由原始TiO2薄膜和TiO2纳米颗粒制成的传统电池相比，钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率可以提高。