Grape phylloxera is one of the most dangerous insect pests for worldwide viticulture. The leaf- and root-galling phylloxerid has been managed by grafting European grapevines onto American rootstock hybrids. Recent reports pinpoint the appearance of host-adapted biotypes, but information about the biomolecular characteristics underlying grape phylloxera biotypisation and its role in host performance is scarce. Using RNA-sequencing, we sequenced the transcriptome of two larval stages: L1 (probing) and L2-3 (feeding) larvae of two root-feeding grape phylloxera lineages feeding on the rootstock Teleki 5C (biotype C) and V. vinifera Riesling (biotype A). In total, 7501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were commonly modulated by the two biotypes. For the probing larvae, we found an increased number of DEGs functionally associated with insect chemoreception traits, such as odorant-binding proteins, chemosensory proteins, ionotropic, odorant, and gustatory receptors. The transcriptomic profile of feeding larvae was enriched with DEGs associated with the primary metabolism. Larvae feeding on the tolerant rootstock Teleki 5C exhibited higher numbers of plant defense suppression-associated DEGs than larvae feeding on the susceptible host. Based on the identified DEGs, we discuss their potential role for the compatible grape phylloxera–Vitis interaction belowground. This study was the first to compare the transcriptomes of two grape phylloxera lineages feeding on a tolerant and susceptible host, respectively, and to identify DEGs involved in the molecular interaction with these hosts. Our data provide a source for future studies on host adaptation mechanisms of grape phylloxera and help to elucidate grape phylloxera resistance further.

中文翻译：

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两种以根茎和V. vinifera为食的根饲葡萄草（D. vitifoliae）谱系的比较转录组分析

葡萄根瘤菌是全世界葡萄栽培中最危险的害虫之一。通过将欧洲的葡萄嫁接到美国的砧木杂种上，可以控制叶和根结实的根除草素。最近的报道指出了适合宿主的生物型的出现，但是关于葡萄根瘤菌生物分型的生物分子特征及其在宿主性能中的作用的信息很少。使用RNA测序，我们对两个幼虫阶段的转录组进行了测序：两个以根茎Teleki 5C（生物型C）和V. vinifera为食的，以根为食的葡萄根腐病谱系的L1（探测）和L2-3（取食）幼虫。雷司令（生物型A）。总共，这两种生物型通常调节7501个差异表达基因（DEG）。对于探测幼虫，我们发现与昆虫化学感受特征（例如气味结合蛋白，化学感应蛋白，离子型，气味和味觉受体）功能相关的DEG数量增加。喂养幼虫的转录组谱富含与初级代谢相关的DEG。以耐性砧木Teleki 5C为食的幼虫比以易感宿主为食的幼虫表现出更多的植物防御抑制相关DEG。基于已识别的DEG，我们讨论了它们对于兼容葡萄根瘤菌-葡萄的潜在作用地下互动。这项研究是首次比较分别以耐性和易感性宿主为食的两种葡萄根瘤菌谱系的转录组，并鉴定参与与这些宿主分子相互作用的DEG。我们的数据为葡萄根瘤菌宿主适应机制的进一步研究提供了资料，并有助于进一步阐明葡萄根瘤菌的抗性。