The emerging capability to 3D print a diverse palette of functional inks will enable the mass democratization of patient-specific wearable devices and smart biomedical implants for applications such as health monitoring and regenerative biomedicines. These personalized wearables could be fabricated via ex situ printing, which involves first printing a design on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface. However, this can result in a geometrically and dynamically mismatched interface between printed materials and target surfaces. In situ printing provides a potential remedy by directly printing 3D constructs on the target surfaces. This new manufacturing procedure requires the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) to sense, adapt and predict the state of the printing environment, such as a dynamically morphing organ. In this Review, we discuss electronic and biological inks for in situ 3D printing, AI-empowered 3D-printing approaches with open-loop, closed-loop and predictive control, and recent developments in surgical robotics and AI that could be integrated in future 3D-printing approaches. We anticipate that this convergence of AI, 3D printing, functional materials and personalized biomedical devices will lead to a compelling future for smart manufacturing.

3D打印功能墨水多样化调色板的新兴功能将使针对特定患者的可穿戴设备和智能生物医学植入物实现大规模民主化，以实现诸如健康监测和再生生物医学之类的应用。这些个性化可穿戴设备可以通过异地印刷来制造，这涉及先在平面基板上印刷设计，然后将其部署到目标表面。但是，这会导致印刷材料和目标表面之间几何和动态失配。通过直接在目标表面上打印3D构造，原位打印提供了一种可能的解决方法。这种新的制造过程需要人工智能（AI）的帮助，以感测，调整和预测打印环境（例如动态变形器官）的状态。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了用于原位3D打印的电子和生物墨水，具有开环，闭环和预测控制功能的AI增强型3D打印方法，以及可集成在未来3D中的外科机器人技术和AI的最新发展打印方法。我们预计AI，3D打印，功能材料和个性化生物医学设备的融合将为智能制造带来引人注目的未来。