Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal epidemic disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Pervasive latent infection, multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection make TB a global health problem, which emphasises the design and development of efficient vaccines and diagnostic biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion is a conserved phenomenon in all the domains of life. Various cargos such as nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins, and enzymes have been recognised in these nano-sized vesicles that may be involved in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The intrinsic adjuvant effect, native immunogenic cargo, sensing by host immune cells, circulation in all body fluids, and comprehensive distribution of antigens introduce EVs as a promising tool for designing novel vaccines, diagnostic biomarkers, and drug delivery systems. Genetic engineering of the EV-producing bacteria and the subsequent production of proper EVs could facilitate the development of the EV-based therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that thick-walled mycobacteria release EVs, which contain immunodominant cargos such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins. The present article is a comprehensive review on the recent findings of Mtb EVs biology and the exploitation of EVs for the vaccine technology and diagnostic methods.

摘要

结核病（TB）是一种致命的流行病，通常由结核分枝杆菌（Mtb）。广泛的潜伏感染，多药和广泛耐药结核病（MDR和XDR-TB）以及TB / HIV合并感染使结核病成为全球性的健康问题，这突出了有效疫苗和诊断性生物标记物的设计和开发。细胞外囊泡（EVs）的分泌在生活的所有领域都是一种保守的现象。在这些纳米大小的囊泡中已经认识到各种货物，例如核酸，毒素，脂蛋白和酶，它们可能与细菌生理学和发病机理有关。内在的佐剂效应，天然的免疫原性物质，宿主免疫细胞的感应，所有体液中的循环以及抗原的全面分布将电动汽车作为设计新颖疫苗，诊断性生物标志物和药物递送系统的有前途的工具。产生EV的细菌的基因工程以及随后产生适当的EV可以促进基于EV的治疗应用的发展。近来，已证明厚壁分枝杆菌释放EV，其包含诸如脂多糖和脂蛋白的免疫占主导地位的货物。本文是对最新发现的综合综述。Mtb电动汽车生物学以及用于疫苗技术和诊断方法的电动汽车开发。