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Reconciling the climate and ozone response to the 1257 CE Mount Samalas eruption [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( IF 11.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-27 , DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919807117
David C. Wade 1 , Céline M. Vidal 2 , N. Luke Abraham 1, 3 , Sandip Dhomse 4 , Paul T. Griffiths 1, 3 , James Keeble 1, 3 , Graham Mann 4 , Lauren Marshall 1 , Anja Schmidt 1, 2 , Alexander T. Archibald 1, 3
Affiliation  

The 1257 CE eruption of Mount Samalas (Indonesia) is the source of the largest stratospheric injection of volcanic gases in the Common Era. Sulfur dioxide emissions produced sulfate aerosols that cooled Earth’s climate with a range of impacts on society. The coemission of halogenated species has also been speculated to have led to wide-scale ozone depletion. Here we present simulations from HadGEM3-ES, a fully coupled Earth system model, with interactive atmospheric chemistry and a microphysical treatment of sulfate aerosol, used to assess the chemical and climate impacts from the injection of sulfur and halogen species into the stratosphere as a result of the Mt. Samalas eruption. While our model simulations support a surface air temperature response to the eruption of the order of −1°C, performing well against multiple reconstructions of surface temperature from tree-ring records, we find little evidence to support significant injections of halogens into the stratosphere. Including modest fractions of the halogen emissions reported from Mt. Samalas leads to significant impacts on the composition of the atmosphere and on surface temperature. As little as 20% of the halogen inventory from Mt. Samalas reaching the stratosphere would result in catastrophic ozone depletion, extending the surface cooling caused by the eruption. However, based on available proxy records of surface temperature changes, our model results support only very minor fractions (1%) of the halogen inventory reaching the stratosphere and suggest that further constraints are needed to fully resolve the issue.



中文翻译:

调和气候和臭氧对1257年撒马拉斯山喷发的响应[地球,大气和行星科学]

1257年,撒玛拉山(印度尼西亚)爆发,是平凡时代最大的平流层注入火山气体的来源。二氧化硫的排放产生了硫酸盐气溶胶,从而冷却了地球的气候,对社会产生了一系列影响。还推测卤代物质的共排放导致了大规模的臭氧消耗。在这里,我们介绍了来自HadGEM3-ES的模拟,这是一个完全耦合的地球系统模型,具有交互的大气化学作用和对硫酸盐气溶胶的微物理处理,可用于评估平流层中注入的硫和卤素物种对化学和气候的影响的山 萨马拉斯火山喷发。尽管我们的模型仿真支持地面空气温度对-1°C的喷发的响应,在根据树年轮记录对表面温度进行多次重构方面表现良好,我们发现几乎没有证据支持向平流层中大量注入卤素。包括从山中报告的少量卤素排放。萨马拉斯对大气成分和地表温度产生重大影响。卤素含量只有卤素的20%。到达平流层的萨马拉将导致灾难性的臭氧消耗,扩大由喷发引起的表面冷却。但是,根据可用的表面温度变化的代理记录,我们的模型结果仅支持到达平流层的卤素库存的极小部分(1%),并建议需要进一步的约束才能完全解决问题。我们发现几乎没有证据支持向平流层中大量注入卤素。包括从山中报告的少量卤素排放。萨马拉斯对大气成分和地表温度产生重大影响。卤素含量只有卤素的20%。到达平流层的萨马拉将导致灾难性的臭氧消耗,扩大由喷发引起的表面冷却。但是,根据可用的表面温度变化的代理记录,我们的模型结果仅支持到达平流层的卤素库存的极小部分(1%),并建议需要进一步的约束才能完全解决问题。我们发现几乎没有证据支持向平流层中大量注入卤素。包括从山中报告的少量卤素排放。萨马拉斯对大气成分和地表温度产生重大影响。卤素含量只有卤素的20%。到达平流层的萨马拉将导致灾难性的臭氧消耗,扩大由喷发引起的表面冷却。但是,根据可用的表面温度变化的代理记录,我们的模型结果仅支持到达平流层的卤素库存的极小部分(1%),并建议需要进一步的约束才能完全解决问题。萨马拉斯对大气成分和地表温度产生重大影响。卤素含量只有卤素的20%。到达平流层的萨马拉将导致灾难性的臭氧消耗,扩大由喷发引起的表面冷却。但是,根据可用的表面温度变化的代理记录,我们的模型结果仅支持到达平流层的卤素库存的极小部分(1%),并建议需要进一步的约束才能完全解决问题。萨马拉斯对大气成分和地表温度产生重大影响。卤素含量只有卤素的20%。到达平流层的萨马拉将导致灾难性的臭氧消耗,扩大由喷发引起的表面冷却。但是,根据可用的表面温度变化的代理记录,我们的模型结果仅支持到达平流层的卤素库存的极小部分(1%),并建议需要进一步的约束才能完全解决问题。

更新日期:2020-10-28
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