The Expansion‐Contraction model has been used to explain the responses of species to climatic changes. During periods of unfavourable climatic conditions, species retreat to refugia from where they may later expand. This paper focuses on the palaeoecology of red deer over the past 54 ka across Europe and the Urals, to reveal patterns of change in their range and explore the role of environmental conditions in determining their distribution.

中文翻译：

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自晚更新世以来，冬季温度和森林覆盖已影响了欧洲和乌拉尔山脉的马鹿分布

扩展-收缩模型已用于解释物种对气候变化的响应。在不利的气候条件期间，物种会退缩为避难所，并在此后扩展。本文着眼于欧洲和乌拉尔地区过去54 ka的马鹿古生态，以揭示其范围变化的模式并探讨环境条件在确定其分布方面的作用。