Invasive pathogens and bark beetles have caused precipitous declines of various tree species around the globe. Here, we characterized long‐term patterns of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB) attacks and white pine blister rust, an infectious tree disease caused by the pathogen, Cronartium ribicola. We focused on four dominant white pine host species in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI), including sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), western white pine (P. monticola), whitebark pine (P. albicaulis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana). Between 2013 and 2017, we resurveyed 152 long‐term monitoring plots that were first surveyed and established between 1995 and 1999. Overall extent (plots with at least one infected tree) of white pine blister rust (blister rust) increased from 20% to 33%. However, the infection rate across all species decreased from 5.3% to 4.2%. Blister rust dynamics varied greatly by species, as infection rate decreased from 19.1% to 6.4% in sugar pine, but increased in western white pine from 3.0% to 8.7%. For the first time, blister rust was recorded in whitebark pine, but not foxtail pine plots. MPB attacks were highest in sugar pines and decreased in the higher elevation white pine species, whitebark and foxtail pine. Both blister rust and MPB were important factors associated with elevated mortality in sugar pines. We did not, however, find a relationship between previous fires and blister rust occurrence. In addition, multiple mortality agents, including blister rust, fire, and MPB, contributed to major declines in sugar pine and western white pine; recruitment rates were much lower than mortality rates for both species. Our results highlighted that sugar pine has been declining much faster in SEKI than previously documented. If blister rust and MPB trends persist, western white pine may follow similar patterns of decline in the future. Given current spread patterns, blister rust will likely continue to increase in higher elevations, threatening subalpine white pines in the southern Sierra Nevada. More frequent long‐term monitoring efforts could inform ongoing restoration and policy focused on threats to these highly valuable and diverse white pines.

中文翻译：

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白松水泡锈，山松甲虫和火的复合效应威胁到四种白松树种

入侵的病原体和树皮甲虫已导致全球各种树木物种急剧下降。在这里，我们的特点山松甲虫（长期图案大小蠹不蠹; MPB）攻击和白色松疱锈病，传染性疾病树由病原体引起，疱锈病。我们重点研究了红杉和国王峡谷国家公园（SEKI）中的四种优势白松寄主物种，包括糖松（Pinus lambertiana），西部白松（P. monticola），白皮松（P. albicaulis）和狐尾松（P巴尔弗里亚纳）。在2013年至2017年之间，我们对1995年至1999年之间首次进行调查和建立的152个长期监测地块进行了调查。白松的水疱锈病（水疱锈病）的总体范围（至少有一棵受感染树的病情）从20％增加到了33 ％。但是，所有物种的感染率从5.3％降低到4.2％。水泡锈病的动力学因种而异，糖松的感染率从19.1％下降到6.4％，而西部白松的感染率从3.0％上升到8.7％。第一次在白皮松树上记录了起泡锈，但在狐尾松树上却没有记录到。MPB攻击在糖松中最高，而在海拔较高的白松，白皮和狐尾松中则下降。水疱锈病和MPB都是与糖松死亡率升高相关的重要因素。但是，我们没有 找到先前的火灾和起泡的锈蚀之间的关系。此外，多种致死剂，包括起泡的铁锈，起火和MPB，导致了糖松和西部白松的大幅度下降。两种物种的招募率均远低于死亡率。我们的结果表明，SEKI中糖松的下降速度比以前记录的要快得多。如果起泡的锈蚀和MPB趋势持续存在，西部的白松树将来可能会遵循类似的下降趋势。根据目前的传播方式，水泡锈病可能会在更高的海拔高度继续增加，威胁内华达山脉南部的亚高山白松。更加频繁的长期监测工作可以为正在进行的恢复和针对这些高价值和多样化白松树威胁的政策提供信息。