The last 10 years established the beginning of a post‐lithium era in the field of energy storage, with the renaissance of Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) as alternative for Li‐based systems. The development of this technology has required intense work in materials research in order to produce and optimize anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes for NIBs. The strong and weak points of the main families of compounds for each battery component are analyzed in this progress report. Taking into account the achievements made in materials for NIBs, the industrial scene is analyzed through the existing prototypes and commercial cells and also from an economical viewpoint. In this scenario, where Na‐ion technology seems to be ready for a coming second generation, the use of Na can be extended to almost the whole spectrum of electrochemical energy storage systems: the new room temperature Na–S systems, high‐energy Na–air technology, or high‐power Na‐based hybrid supercapacitors. Thus, the degree of development of NIBs, together with the promising performance of newer Na‐based energy storage systems, makes Na the key to the coming commercial post‐lithium systems.

中文翻译：

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钠电池—迎接新老挑战

最近的十年建立了后储能时代的开始，Na离子电池（NIB）的复兴成为了锂基系统的替代品。为了生产和优化用于NIB的阳极，阴极和电解质，这项技术的发展需要材料研究方面的大量工作。在此进度报告中分析了每种电池组件的主要化合物家族的优缺点。考虑到NIB的材料所取得的成就，通过现有的原型和商业单元以及从经济的角度对工业场景进行了分析。在这种情况下，Na-ion技术似乎已经为第二代做好了准备，Na的用途几乎可以扩展到电化学储能系统的整个范围：新的室温Na-S系统，高能Na-空气技术或高功率Na基混合超级电容器。因此，NIB的发展程度以及新型基于Na的储能系统的良好性能，使Na成为了即将到来的商用后锂系统的关键。