Red phosphorus (RP) is a promising anode material for alkali-ion batteries due to a high theoretical capacity at low potentials when alloying with lithium, sodium, and potassium. Most alloy anode materials display large volume changes during cycling, which can lead to particle fracturing, low Coulombic efficiency, loss of electrical contact, and ultimately poor cycle life. In this paper we outline, through comprehensive electrochemo-mechanical characterization and modeling of the cycling stresses, why RP can be cycled at high current densities without fracture. Application of in situ nanoindentation and powder compression allows for measurement of the elastic, plastic, and fracture properties of RP. In situ transmission electron microscopy observation with extreme conditions (anisotropic ion diffusion and high current density) was used to validate the model, observing no catastrophic failure of RP particles. Electrochemo-mechanical characterization with geometry and stress modeling allows for predictions to be made for application of RP in alkali-ion batteries.

由于与锂，钠和钾合金化时在低电势下具有较高的理论容量，因此红磷（RP）是一种有前景的碱金属电池负极材料。大多数合金阳极材料在循环过程中显示出大的体积变化，这可能导致颗粒破裂，库仑效率低，电接触损失以及最终循环寿命变差。在本文中，我们通过全面的电化学机械特性和循环应力建模概述了为什么RP可以在高电流密度下循环而不会破裂。的应用原位纳米压痕和粉末压缩允许RP的弹性，塑性，和断裂性能的测量。原位用极端条件（各向异性离子扩散和高电流密度）的透射电子显微镜观察来验证该模型，观察到RP颗粒没有灾难性的破坏。具有几何形状和应力模型的电化学机械特性可以预测RP在碱离子电池中的应用。