Nozzle-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (additive manufacturing) technologies, which build a model by depositing and stacking materials layer-by-layer, are limited by long layer-build time resulting in low throughput. While nozzle-based printing is already arguably versatile, such sub-categories as Direct-Ink-Writing (DIW) find difficulty when printing material on rough surfaces. Recently electrohydrodynamic (EHD) elements added new features in droplet positioning but also revealed limitations in the achievable build height due to the need for a grounded substrate or embedded electrode. Here, we introduce an additional electrode added to the printhead generating an electric field (E.F.) between the above-mentioned electrode and printing nozzle. The resulting Coulomb force pulls the extruded ink in the direction of printing allowing faster translational speed, thinner trace widths, and improved deposition on rough surfaces without a decrease in build height. We also developed the electrohydrodynamic theory of the proposed DIW processes. After completing DIW experiments on a translating belt with a stationary nozzle, an electric field oriented in the direction of printing was retrofitted to a DIW-based 3D printer. The integration of the electrode to the printhead allowed successful prints at the machine’s maximum speed of 500 mm/s for a documented situation in which DIW previously failed in existing literature. Similarly, successful prints were achieved on rough surfaces where the printing was impossible without the applied E.F. Along with new design opportunities, these results unlock speed restriction within nozzle-based printing while significantly expanding versatility and substrate choices. Compared to the state-of-the-art DIW processes, our electrostatically-assisted direct ink writing technology shows orders of magnitude faster direct writing speed (>500 mm/s) and capability of printing on super rough surfaces which were impossible before.

基于喷嘴的三维（3D）打印（增材制造）技术通过逐层沉积和堆叠材料来构建模型，但是由于层构建时间长而导致产量降低。尽管基于喷嘴的打印已经可以说是通用的，但是当在粗糙表面上打印材料时，诸如直接墨水写入（DIW）之类的子类别会遇到困难。最近，电动流体（EHD）元件在液滴定位方面增加了新功能，但由于需要接地的基板或嵌入式电极，因此在可达到的构造高度方面也显示出局限性。在这里，我们引入了一个附加电极，该附加电极被添加到打印头上，从而在上述电极和打印喷嘴之间产生电场（EF）。产生的库仑力沿印刷方向拉动挤出的墨水，从而实现更快的平移速度，更细的迹线宽度，并改善了在粗糙表面上的沉积，而不会降低构建高度。我们还开发了所提出的DIW工艺的电流体动力学理论。在带有固定喷嘴的平移带上完成DIW实验后，将面向打印方向的电场改型为基于DIW的3D打印机。电极与打印头的集成使得在现有文献中DIW以前失败的情况下，可以以机器的最大速度500 mm / s成功打印。同样，在粗糙的表面上也能获得成功的印刷效果，如果没有应用EF，就无法进行印刷，而且还有新的设计机会，这些结果解锁了基于喷嘴的打印中的速度限制，同时极大地扩展了多功能性和承印物选择。与最先进的DIW工艺相比，我们的静电辅助直接墨水书写技术显示直接书写速度（> 500 mm / s）快几个数量级，并且能够在超粗糙表面上进行打印，这是以前无法实现的。