The seasonal energy dynamics of temperate fishes will likely be affected by climate change, especially during the winter. Few studies, however, have focused on winter. Fishes are more active in winter than previously thought, thus, an inquiry into the energetic contributions of winter foraging to the annual growth of fishes is needed given expected changes in winter conditions. We used stomach content data, total lipid analyses, and bioenergetics modeling to assess the effects of winter foraging on three species in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA. We compared species in two thermal guilds, the cool-water species yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and two warm-water species, pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Our results indicate that winter energy dynamics likely depend on the thermal preference of individual fish species – the cool-water species foraged in all seasons whereas the two warm-water species foraged only in the open-water seasons. In addition, winter foraging provided sufficient energy for overwinter growth in cool-water species but not in warm-water species. Climate change will affect the seasonal energy dynamics that these species have evolved to survive winter conditions in temperate lakes. Thus, we expect climate change to affect individual survival and reproductive success.

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冬季觅食对热异种鱼类年生长的贡献

温带鱼类的季节性能量动态可能会受到气候变化的影响，尤其是在冬季。然而，很少有研究关注冬天。鱼类在冬季比以前想象的更加活跃，因此，鉴于冬季条件的预期变化，需要调查冬季觅食对鱼类年生长的能量贡献。我们使用胃内容物数据、总脂质分析和生物能量学模型来评估冬季觅食对美国佛蒙特州尚普兰湖的三个物种的影响。我们比较了两个热群中的物种，冷水物种黄鲈 (Perca flavescens) 和两种温水物种，南瓜籽 (Lepomis gibbosus) 和蓝鳃鱼 (Lepomis macrochirus)。我们的结果表明，冬季能量动态可能取决于个别鱼类的热偏好——冷水物种在所有季节觅食，而两种温水物种仅在开放水域觅食。此外，冬季觅食为冷水物种的越冬生长提供了足够的能量，但不能为温水物种提供足够的能量。气候变化将影响这些物种为在温带湖泊的冬季条件下生存而进化的季节性能量动态。因此，我们预计气候变化会影响个体生存和繁殖成功。气候变化将影响这些物种为在温带湖泊的冬季条件下生存而进化的季节性能量动态。因此，我们预计气候变化会影响个体生存和繁殖成功。气候变化将影响这些物种为在温带湖泊的冬季条件下生存而进化的季节性能量动态。因此，我们预计气候变化会影响个体生存和繁殖成功。