The immune system plays a crucial role in the body’s defense system against various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as recognizes non-self- and self-molecules. The innate immune system is composed of special receptors known as pattern recognition receptors, which play a crucial role in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from diverse microorganisms. Any disequilibrium in the activation of a particular pattern recognition receptor leads to various inflammatory, autoimmune, or immunodeficiency diseases. Aptamers are short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules, also termed “chemical antibodies,” which have tremendous specificity and affinity for their target molecules. Their features, such as stability, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing, and facile screening against a target, make them preferable as therapeutics. Immune-system–targeting aptamers have a great potential as a targeted therapeutic strategy against immune diseases. This review summarizes components of the innate immune system, aptamer production, pharmacokinetic characteristics of aptamers, and aptamers related to innate-immune-system diseases.

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通过适体对先天性免疫疾病的治疗干预

免疫系统在人体防御各种病原体（例如细菌，病毒和寄生虫）的防御系统中起着至关重要的作用，并且可以识别非自我分子和自我分子。先天免疫系统由称为模式识别受体的特殊受体组成，这些受体在从多种微生物中鉴定与病原体相关的分子模式中起着至关重要的作用。特定模式识别受体的激活中的任何不平衡都会导致各种炎症，自身免疫或免疫缺陷疾病。适体是短的单链脱氧核糖核酸或核糖核酸分子，也称为“化学抗体”，对它们的靶分子具有极大的特异性和亲和力。它们的功能，例如稳定性，免疫原性低，易于制造，以及针对目标的简便筛选，使其成为治疗剂的首选。靶向免疫系统的适体作为针对免疫疾病的靶向治疗策略具有巨大潜力。这篇综述总结了先天免疫系统的组成，适体的产生，适体的药代动力学特征以及与先天免疫系统疾病有关的适体。