Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted rising interests in the cardiovascular field not only because they serve as serological markers for circulatory disorders, but also because they participate in important physiological responses to stress and inflammation. In the circulation, these membranous vesicles are mainly derived from blood or vascular cells, and they carry cargos with distinct molecular signatures reflecting the origin and activation state of parent cells that produce them, thus providing a powerful tool for diagnosis and prognosis of pathological conditions. Functionally, circulating EVs mediate tissue-tissue communication by transporting bioactive cargos to local and distant sites, where they directly interact with target cells to alter their function. Recent evidence points to the critical contributions of EVs to the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction during inflammatory response to injury or infection. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the current knowledge on EV biology and advanced techniques in EV isolation and characterization. This is followed by a discussion focusing on the role and mechanisms of EVs in regulating blood-endothelium interactions and vascular permeability during inflammation. We conclude with a translational perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in vascular injury or infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡：调节血管屏障功能的新参与者

细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 在心血管领域引起了越来越多的兴趣，不仅因为它们作为循环系统疾病的血清学标志物，还因为它们参与了对压力和炎症的重要生理反应。在循环中，这些膜泡主要来源于血液或血管细胞，它们携带的货物具有不同的分子特征，反映了产生它们的母细胞的起源和活化状态，从而为病理状况的诊断和预后提供了有力的工具。在功能上，循环电动汽车通过将生物活性货物运输到本地和远距离部位来介导组织-组织通讯，在那里它们直接与靶细胞相互作用以改变它们的功能。最近的证据表明，在对损伤或感染的炎症反应过程中，EVs 对血管内皮屏障功能障碍的发病机制有重要贡献。在这篇综述中，我们简要总结了当前有关 EV 生物学的知识以及 EV 隔离和表征的先进技术。随后讨论了 EV 在炎症期间调节血液-内皮相互作用和血管通透性方面的作用和机制。我们总结了 EV 在血管损伤或传染病（如 COVID-19）中的诊断和治疗潜力的转化观点。我们简要总结了当前有关 EV 生物学和 EV 隔离和表征的先进技术的知识。随后讨论了 EV 在炎症期间调节血液-内皮相互作用和血管通透性方面的作用和机制。我们总结了 EV 在血管损伤或传染病（如 COVID-19）中的诊断和治疗潜力的转化观点。我们简要总结了当前有关 EV 生物学和 EV 隔离和表征的先进技术的知识。随后讨论了 EV 在炎症期间调节血液-内皮相互作用和血管通透性方面的作用和机制。我们总结了 EV 在血管损伤或传染病（如 COVID-19）中的诊断和治疗潜力的转化观点。