Mountain water resources are of particular importance for downstream populations but are threatened by decreasing water storage in snowpack and glaciers. Groundwater contribution to mountain streamflow, once assumed to be relatively small, is now understood to represent an important water source to streams. This review presents an overview of research on groundwater in high mountain environments (As classified by Meybeck et al. (2001) as very high, high, and mid‐altitude mountains). Coarse geomorphic units, like talus, alluvium, and moraines, are important stores and conduits for high mountain groundwater. Bedrock aquifers contribute to catchment streamflow through shallow, weathered bedrock but also to higher order streams and central valley aquifers through deep fracture flow and mountain‐block recharge. Tracer and water balance studies have shown that groundwater contributes substantially to streamflow in many high mountain catchments, particularly during low‐flow periods. The percentage of streamflow attributable to groundwater varies greatly through time and between watersheds depending on the geology, topography, climate, and spatial scale. Recharge to high mountain aquifers is spatially variable and comes from a combination of infiltration from rain, snowmelt, and glacier melt, as well as concentrated recharge beneath losing streams, or through fractures and swallow holes. Recent advances suggest that high mountain groundwater may provide some resilience—at least temporarily—to climate‐driven glacier and snowpack recession. A paucity of field data and the heterogeneity of alpine landscapes remain important challenges, but new data sources, tracers, and modeling methods continue to expand our understanding of high mountain groundwater flow.

中文翻译：

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高山环境中的地下水综述

山区水资源对下游人口特别重要，但由于积雪和冰川中的蓄水量减少而受到威胁。曾经被认为相对较小的地下水对山区河流的贡献现在被认为是河流的重要水源。这篇综述概述了高山环境中地下水的研究（按Meybeck等人（2001年）分类为高，高和中海拔山区）。粗距地貌单元，例如距骨，冲积层和芒mo，是高山地下水的重要储存和管道。基岩含水层通过深浅的风化基岩促进集水径流，但通过深层裂缝流和山体补给，也有助于高阶径流和中部谷底含水层。示踪剂和水平衡研究表明，在许多高山流域，特别是在低流量时期，地下水对河水流量有很大贡献。归因于地下水的水流百分比随时间变化以及流域之间的差异很大，这取决于地质，地形，气候和空间规模。高山蓄水层的补给在空间上是可变的，来自雨水，融雪和冰川融化的渗透，以及在损失的溪流下方或通过裂缝和吞咽孔的集中补给。最近的进展表明，高山地下水可以（至少暂时）为气候驱动的冰川和积雪的衰退提供一定的恢复力。野外数据匮乏和高山景观的异质性仍然是重要的挑战，但是新的数据来源，