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Greater farmer investment in well-formulated diets can increase liveweight gain and smallholder gross margins from cattle fattening
Livestock Science ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 , DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104297
Frances C. Cowley , Theo M. Syahniar , Dian Ratnawati , Dianne E. Mayberry ,   Marsetyo , Dicky Pamungkas , Dennis P. Poppi

To improve the productivity of smallholder cattle fattening, farmers will need to invest in higher quality concentrate-based diets which provide a return greater than the additional feed costs. This research assessed two formulations of elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal mixes for average daily liveweight gain (ADG) and income over feed cost (IOFC), compared to a forage diet in a pen experiment; and then evaluated the best performing diet as a supplement to existing smallholder bull fattening diets in villages in East Java, Indonesia. In the pen experiment, 24 Ongole bulls were allocated to three treatment diets fed at 25 g DM/kg liveweight.day in a 12-week randomised block experiment: 1) Elephant grass only; 2) a simplified feedlot diet (elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal at 4.9, 9.8, 4.9 and 4.9 g DM/kg liveweight.day, respectively); and 3) a high cassava bagasse inclusion diet (elephant grass, cassava bagasse, palm kernel cake and copra meal at 4.9, 17.1, 1.2 and 1.2 g DM/kg liveweight.day, respectively). Intake and ADG were recorded. In the village experiment, 46 smallholder-managed Ongole crossbred bulls were randomly allocated to a control or intervention treatment group. Intervention group farmers fed their bulls 4 kg DM/day of the concentrate mix from the simplified feedlot diet in addition to normal feeding. Costs and returns, ADG and feeding were recorded. IOFC was calculated for both experiments and sensitivity-tested for variation in cattle price and opportunity cost of labour for harvesting home-grown feeds. In the pen experiment, the simplified feedlot diet yielded the highest ADG at 1.00 kg/day, with high cassava and elephant grass both yielding 0.23 kg/day. The purchased feed cost of gain was lowest for elephant grass (nil), followed by the simplified feedlot and the high cassava diets (9831 and 26,708 IDR/kg liveweight, respectively). However, the high ADG in the simplified feedlot diet made that the most profitable diet, with an IOFC of IDR 27,673, compared to IDR 2603 and IDR 8156 for the high cassava and elephant grass diets respectively. Including opportunity cost of labour for harvesting grass made simplified feedlot even more advantageous. When the concentrate from the simplified feedlot diet was fed to village bulls, ADG and daily feed cost doubled from 0.6 kg/day and IDR 6523/day, respectively, for control group bulls to 1.2 kg/day and IDR 11,069/day for intervention bulls. However, IOFC did not improve with the intervention supplement when growth rates were already high, for example, when cattle were already fed high amounts of rice-bran or forage tree legumes. When opportunity cost of household labour for harvesting forages was included, most grass-based village diets became unprofitable. Even when the return per kg of liveweight gain is reduced by higher feed costs, if this results in higher ADG, then the IOFC of this strategy can far exceed least-cost feeding strategies for fattening cattle.



中文翻译:

农民对结构合理的饮食的更多投资可以增加牛的增重和小农的毛利润

为了提高小农牛育肥的生产力,农民将需要投资于高质量的以浓缩饲料为基础的日粮,这种日粮的收益要高于额外的饲料成本。这项研究评估了两种配方的象草,木薯蔗渣,棕榈仁蛋糕和椰干粕混合料的平均日增重(ADG)和收入高于饲料成本(IOFC),与笔饲实验中的饲料相比。然后评估表现最佳的饮食,以补充印度尼西亚东爪哇村庄现有的小农公牛育肥饮食。在围栏实验中,将24只Ongole公牛分配给三种治疗饲料,每只活重25 g DM / kg。一天进行为期12周的随机试验:1)仅象草;2)简化的饲养场饮食(象鼻草,木薯甘蔗渣,棕榈仁蛋糕和椰干粕,分别为4.9、9.8、4。分别为9和4.9 g DM / kg活重。和3)高木薯渣含量的饮食(大象草,木薯渣,棕榈仁饼和椰菜粕,分别为4.9、17.1、1.2和1.2 g DM / kg活重。记录摄入量和ADG。在乡村实验中,将46头由小农户管理的Ongole杂交公牛随机分配到对照组或干预治疗组。干预组的农民除了常规饲喂外,还从简化的饲养场日粮中向公牛饲喂4千克干物质/天的浓缩饲料。记录成本和收益,ADG和喂养。针对实验进行了IOFC的计算,并通过敏感性测试对牛的价格变化和收获自家饲料的劳动力机会成本进行了测试。在围栏实验中,简化的饲养场日粮在1.00千克/天的条件下产生了最高的日增重,高木薯和象草的产量均为0.23公斤/天。购买的获得的饲料成本最低的是象草(零),其次是简化的饲养场和高木薯日粮(分别为9831和26,708 IDR / kg活重)。然而,简化饲喂日粮中的平均日增重高,使最有利可图的日粮的IOFC为27,673印尼盾,而木薯和大象草的日粮分别为2603印尼盾和8156印尼盾。包括收割草的劳动力机会成本,使简化的饲养场更加有利。将简化饲养场日粮中的浓缩物饲喂给乡村公牛时,ADG和每日饲料成本分别从对照组公牛的0.6公斤/天和IDR 6523 /天增加了一倍,分别为干预公牛的1.2公斤/天和11069印尼盾/天。 。然而,当生长速度已经很高时,例如当牛已经饲喂了大量的米糠或牧草豆科植物时,IOFC不会随着干预的补充而改善。如果计入收割草料的家庭劳动力的机会成本,大多数以草为主的乡村饮食就无利可图了。即使较高的饲料成本降低了每公斤活体重增加的回报,但如果这会导致较高的平均日增重,那么该策略的IOFC可能会远远超过用于肥牛的成本最低的饲喂策略。

更新日期:2020-10-17
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