Reinforcing the high-dose/refuge strategy with releases of transgenic insects has been suggested as a method for simultaneously managing agricultural pest populations and resistance to transgenic crops. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that these approaches can work when deployed against closed populations and the assumptions of the HDR strategy are met. However, field-evolved resistance is often linked to non-recessive resistance or refuge non-compliance, and pest management regimes are likely to take place at the landscape-level. It is therefore important to understand how effective such strategies are when resistance is non-recessive, and how they could be employed in agricultural landscapes. We developed a spatially-explicit model to investigate the efficacy of strategies combining refuges with transgenic insect releases to manage a pest with non-recessive resistance in agricultural landscapes. We compared two release strategies, area-wide releases and localised releases targeted at population hotspots, and analysed the effects of refuge and release parameters on population and resistance dynamics. Area-wide releases reliably achieved landscape-level pest eradication. Localised releases also eradicated the pest when low release thresholds were combined with high release ratios, and maintained the pest at low densities when insufficient to achieve extinction. Reinforcing refuges with localised releases also greatly enhanced the probability of resistance extinction. However, when resistance remained in the population, localised releases prevented resistance from reaching fixation rather than greatly delaying or reversing resistance evolution. Our work indicates that combining refuges with simple release policies is effective for landscape-level pest suppression when the HDR assumptions are violated, but more nuanced release strategies may be required to enhance the benefits to resistance management.

已经提出通过释放转基因昆虫来加强高剂量/避难所策略，作为同时管理农业害虫种群和对转基因作物的抗性的方法。理论和经验研究表明，当针对封闭人群部署这些方法时，这些方法可以起作用，并且可以满足HDR策略的假设。但是，田间发展的抗药性通常与非隐性抗药性或避难所不合规有关，虫害管理制度很可能发生在景观一级。因此，重要的是要了解在抗性非隐性的情况下，此类策略的有效性以及如何将其用于农业景观。我们开发了一个空间明确的模型，以研究将避难所与转基因昆虫释放相结合以管理具有农业景观中非隐性抗性的害虫的策略的有效性。我们比较了针对种群热点的两种释放策略，即区域释放和局部释放，并分析了避难所和释放参数对种群和抵抗力动态的影响。区域范围的释放可靠地实现了景观一级的有害生物根除。当低释放阈值与高释放率结合使用时，局部释放也消除了有害生物，当不足以实现灭绝时，将有害生物保持在低密度。用局部释放物加固避难所也大大提高了抵抗性灭绝的可能性。但是，当人口中仍然存在抵抗力时，局部释放阻止了抗药性达到固定状态，而不是大大延迟或逆转了抗药性的发展。我们的工作表明，在违反HDR假设的情况下，将避难所与简单的释放策略相结合对于景观级别的害虫抑制是有效的，但是可能需要更细微的释放策略以增强抗药性管理的益处。