Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) has received increasing attention, and, together with other non-motor symptoms, exert a significant functional impact in the daily lives of patients. This article aims to compile and briefly summarize selected published data about clinical features, cognitive evaluation, biomarkers, and pathophysiology of PD-related dementia (PDD). The literature search included articles indexed in the MEDLINE/PubMed database, published in English, over the last two decades. Despite significant progress on clinical criteria and cohort studies for PD-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PDD, there are still knowledge gaps about its exact molecular and pathological basis. Here we overview the scientific literature on the role of functional circuits, neurotransmitter systems (monoaminergic and cholinergic), basal forebrain, and brainstem nuclei dysfunction in PD-MCI. Correlations between neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, clinical outcomes, and pathological results are described to aid in uncovering the neurodegeneration pattern in PD-MCI and PDD.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病的认知障碍：临床和病理生理学概述

帕金森病 (PD) 的认知功能障碍受到越来越多的关注，并且与其他非运动症状一起对患者的日常生活产生重大的功能影响。本文旨在汇编和简要总结已发表的有关 PD 相关痴呆 (PDD) 的临床特征、认知评估、生物标志物和病理生理学的选定数据。文献检索包括在过去二十年中以英文出版的 MEDLINE/PubMed 数据库中索引的文章。尽管在 PD 轻度认知障碍 (PD-MCI) 和 PDD 的临床标准和队列研究方面取得了重大进展，但对其确切的分子和病​​理基础仍存在知识空白。在这里，我们概述了关于功能回路、神经递质系统（单胺能和胆碱能）作用的科学文献，PD-MCI 中的基底前脑和脑干核功能障碍。描述了神经影像学和脑脊液 (CSF) 生物标志物、临床结果和病理结果之间的相关性，以帮助揭示 PD-MCI 和 PDD 中的神经变性模式。