Climate change/variability and subsequent exacerbation of extremes are affecting human and ecological health across the globe. This study aims at unpacking hydro-climatic extremes in a snow-fed Marshyangdi watershed, which has a potential for water infrastructure development, located in Central Nepal. Bias-corrected projected future climate for near (2014–2033) and mid-future (2034–2053) under moderate and pessimistic scenarios were developed based on multiple regional climate models. Historical (1983–2013) and future trends of selected climatic extreme indices were calculated using RClimDex and hydrological extremes using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration tool. Results show that historical trends in precipitation extremes such as number of heavy and very heavy precipitation days and maximum 1-day precipitation are decreasing while the temperature-related extremes have both increasing and decreasing trends (e.g., warm spell duration index, warm days and summer days are increasing whereas cold spell duration index, cool days and warm nights are decreasing). These results indicate drier and hotter conditions over the historical period. The projected future temperature indices (hot nights, warm days) reveal increasing trend for both the scenarios in contrast with decreasing trends in some of the extreme precipitation indices such as consecutive dry and wet days and maximum 5-day precipitation. Furthermore, the watershed has low mean hydrological alterations (27.9%) in the natural flow regime. These results indicate continuation of wetter and hotter future in the Marshyangdi watershed with likely impacts on future water availability and associated conflicts for water allocation, and therefore affect the river health conditions.

气候变化/多变性和随后加剧的极端情况正在影响全球的人类和生态健康。这项研究的目的是解开积雪的马什央迪的水文气候极端事件该流域位于尼泊尔中部，具有发展水利基础设施的潜力。基于多种区域气候模型，在中度和悲观情景下，通过偏差校正的近期（2014-2033年）和未来中期（2034-2053年）的未来气候预测。使用RClimDex计算选定气候极端指数的历史（1983-2013年）和未来趋势，并使用水文蚀变指标工具计算水文极端指数。结果表明，极端降水的历史趋势（例如重，非常重的降水天数和最大1天降水）正在减少，而与温度相关的极端事件既有上升趋势，也有下降趋势（例如，温暖的持续时间指数，温暖的日子和夏天）天在增加，而寒假持续时间指数 凉爽的夜晚和温暖的夜晚正在减少）。这些结果表明在历史时期内天气更干燥，更热。预测的未来温度指数（炎热的夜晚，温暖的日子）揭示了这两种情况的上升趋势，而某些极端降水指数（例如连续的干，湿天和最大的5天降水）的下降趋势则与此形成鲜明对比。此外，在自然流域中，该流域的平均水文变化较低（27.9％）。这些结果表明，在更湿和更热的未来 暖天）揭示了这两种情况的增加趋势，而某些极端降水指数（例如连续的干，湿天和最大5天降水）的下降趋势则与此形成鲜明对比。此外，在自然流域中，该流域的平均水文变化较低（27.9％）。这些结果表明，在更湿和更热的未来 暖天）揭示了这两种情况的增加趋势，而某些极端降水指数的下降趋势则相反，例如连续的干，湿天和最大5天降水。此外，在自然流域中，该流域的平均水文变化较低（27.9％）。这些结果表明，在更湿和更热的未来Marshyangdi流域可能会影响未来的水供应和相关的配水冲突，因此会影响河流的健康状况。