The establishment of national parks in Brazil has been made based on a history of conflicts with local populations living within the limits or buffer zones of protected areas. These conflicts begin with disputes over territorial ownership. They affect local livelihoods, access to and use of space and natural resources, and create power asymmetries. In response to these conflicts, the Federal Conservation Agency has put forward norms that guarantee inclusive arenas for local people to take part in negotiations with park managers. In this study, environmental conflicts caused by the implementation of parks overlapping local population territories are analyzed aiming to understand their role as mechanisms promoting institutional changes. We collected data from two communities that overlap the Serra da Bocaina National Park through interviews, workshops, and direct observations. For each community, we characterized conflicts involving the community and Park officers. We identified consequences to the community’s livelihoods and analyzed their influence on institutional change. The results suggest that one community responded to conservation conflicts through actions towards negotiation and collaboration with the national park. The other community promoted changes in agricultural production methods and sought new markets as a strategy for staying in the territory. Conflicts are effective as a mechanism for institutional changes, as local actors articulate with autonomous organizations at different levels. We highlight the importance of a continuous documentation on conflicts and their consequences to rural livelihoods in both communities and conflict management actions taken by the Park in the long term.

中文翻译：

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巴西东南部的争议领土：博卡伊纳山国家公园对附近沿海社区的影响

巴西国家公园的建立是基于与生活在保护区界限或缓冲区内的当地居民发生冲突的历史。这些冲突始于领土所有权的争端。它们影响当地的生计、空间和自然资源的获取和使用，并造成权力不对称。为应对这些冲突，联邦保护局提出了规范，以保证当地人民参与与公园管理者谈判的包容性场所。本研究分析了公园实施与当地人口领土重叠所引起的环境冲突，旨在了解它们作为促进制度变迁的机制的作用。我们通过采访收集了与 Serra da Bocaina 国家公园重叠的两个社区的数据，研讨会和直接观察。对于每个社区，我们描述了涉及社区和公园官员的冲突。我们确定了对社区生计的影响，并分析了它们对制度变革的影响。结果表明，一个社区通过与国家公园的谈判和合作行动来应对保护冲突。另一个社区推动改变农业生产方式并寻求新市场作为留在该地区的策略。冲突作为制度变革的一种机制是有效的，因为地方行为者与不同级别的自治组织进行了沟通。