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Benefit or Liability? The Ectomycorrhizal Association May Undermine Tree Adaptations to Fire After Long-term Fire Exclusion
Ecosystems ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00568-7
Dana O. Carpenter , Melanie K. Taylor , Mac A. Callaham , J. Kevin Hiers , E. Louise Loudermilk , Joseph J. O’Brien , Nina Wurzburger

Long-term fire exclusion may weaken ecosystem resistance to the return of fire. We investigated how a surface wildfire that occurred after several decades of fire exclusion affected a southern Appalachian forest transitioning from a fire-adapted to a fire-intolerant state. Tree traits associated with fire adaptation often co-occur with traits for nutrient conservation, including the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association. In the absence of fire, the ECM association may facilitate the accumulation of organic matter, which becomes colonized by fine roots that then become vulnerable to consumption or damage by fire. Therefore, a deeper organic horizon might make stands of fire-adapted, ECM trees less resistant to a surface wildfire than stands of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), fire-intolerant trees. To test this hypothesis, we established plots in stands that fall along a gradient of mycorrhizal tree relative abundance both inside and outside the perimeter of the 2016 Rock Mountain wildfire. With increasing relative abundance of ECM trees, we found increasing organic horizon depth and mass and slower rates of decay, even for litter of ECM tree species. We calculated a major (73–83%) reduction in fine root biomass and length in the organic horizon following the wildfire. Over three years post-fire, we observed a higher probability of crown decline, basal sprouting and aboveground biomass mortality with increasing abundance of ECM trees. We propose that the biogeochemistry of mycorrhizal associations can help explain why fire exclusion makes stands of fire-adapted trees less resistant to a surface wildfire than those with fire-intolerant trees.



中文翻译:

利益还是责任?长期的防火排除后,Ectomycorrhizal协会可能会破坏树木对火的适应性

长期排除火势可能削弱生态系统对火势的抵抗力。我们调查了数十年的火灾排除后发生的地面野火如何影响阿巴拉契亚南部森林从适应火的状态过渡到不耐火的状态。与防火适应相关的树木性状通常与营养保留的性状并存,包括根外菌根(ECM)关联性。在没有火的情况下,ECM协会可能会促进有机物的积累,有机物会被细小的根部定植,然后变得容易被火消耗或破坏。因此,较深的有机层可能会使适应火情的ECM树木对树木表面火的抵抗力比丛枝菌根(AM)耐火树木的抵抗力低。为了检验这个假设,我们在沿2016年Rock Mountain野火周长内外的菌根树相对丰度梯度下降的林分中建立了样地。随着ECM树木相对丰度的增加,即使对于ECM树木种类的凋落物,我们发现有机层深度和质量的增加以及腐烂速度的降低。我们计算了野火后有机根中细根生物量和长度的大幅减少(73-83%)。火灾后的三年中,随着ECM树的丰度增加,我们观察到树冠下降,基础发芽和地上生物量死亡率更高的可能性。我们认为,菌根结合的生物地球化学可以帮助解释为什么排火会使适应火情的树木的林分对耐表面野火的抵抗力比不耐火树木的树高。随着ECM树木相对丰度的增加,即使对于ECM树木种类的凋落物,我们发现有机层深度和质量的增加以及腐烂速度的降低。我们计算了野火后有机根中细根生物量和长度的大幅减少(73-83%)。火灾后的三年中,随着ECM树的丰度增加,我们观察到树冠下降,基础发芽和地上生物量死亡率更高的可能性。我们认为,菌根结合的生物地球化学可以帮助解释为什么排火会使适应火情的树木的林分对耐表面野火的抵抗力比不耐火树木的树高。随着ECM树木相对丰度的增加,即使对于ECM树木种类的凋落物,我们发现有机层深度和质量的增加以及腐烂速度的降低。我们计算了野火后有机根中细根生物量和长度的大幅减少(73-83%)。火灾后的三年中,随着ECM树的丰度增加,我们观察到树冠下降,基础发芽和地上生物量死亡率更高的可能性。我们认为,菌根结合的生物地球化学可以帮助解释为什么排火会使适应火情的树木的林分对耐表面野火的抵抗力比不耐火树木的树高。我们计算了野火后有机根中细根生物量和长度的大幅减少(73-83%)。火灾后的三年中,随着ECM树的丰度增加,我们观察到树冠下降,基础发芽和地上生物量死亡率更高的可能性。我们认为,菌根结合的生物地球化学可以帮助解释为什么排火会使适应火情的树木的林分对耐表面野火的抵抗力比不耐火树木的树高。我们计算了野火后有机根中细根生物量和长度的大幅减少(73-83%)。火灾后的三年中,随着ECM树的丰度增加,我们观察到树冠下降,基础发芽和地上生物量死亡率更高的可能性。我们认为,菌根结合的生物地球化学可以帮助解释为什么排火会使适应火情的树木的林分对耐表面野火的抵抗力比不耐火树木的树高。

更新日期:2020-10-11
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