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S4-SLAM: A real-time 3D LIDAR SLAM system for ground/watersurface multi-scene outdoor applications
Autonomous Robots ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s10514-020-09948-3
Bo Zhou , Yi He , Kun Qian , Xudong Ma , Xiaomao Li

For outdoor ground/watersurface multi-scene applications with sparse feature points, high moving speed and high dynamic noises, a real-time 3D LIDAR SLAM system (S4-SLAM) for unmanned vehicles/ships is proposed in this paper, which is composed of the odometry function in front-end and the loop closure function in back-end. Firstly, linear interpolation is used to eliminate the motion distortion caused by robot motions in the data pre-processing step. Two nodes are constructed in the odometry function: the localization node combines the improved Super4PCS with the standard ICP to realize a coarse-to-fine scan matching and outputs the location information of the robot at a high frequency (5 Hz); the correction node introduces a local map with dynamic voxel grid storage structure, which can accelerate the NDT(Normal Distributions Transform) matching process between key-frames and the local map, and then corrects the localization node at a low frequency (1 Hz) to obtain more accurate location information. In the loop closure function, a location-based loop detection approach is introduced and the overlap rate of point clouds is used to verify the loops, so that the global optimization can be carried out to obtain high-precision trajectory and map estimates. The proposed method has been extensively evaluated on the KITTI odometry benchmark and also tested in real-life campus and harbor environments. The results show that our method has low dependence on GPS/INS, high positioning accuracy (with the global drift under 1%) and good environmental robustness.



中文翻译:

S4-SLAM:用于地面/水面多场景户外应用的实时3D LIDAR SLAM系统

对于具有稀疏特征点,高移动速度和高动态噪声的室外地面/水面多场景应用,本文提出了一种用于无人驾驶车辆/船舶的实时3D LIDAR SLAM系统(S4-SLAM),该系统包括前端的里程表功能和后端的闭环功能。首先,在数据预处理步骤中,使用线性插值法来消除由机器人运动引起的运动失真。测距功能中构造了两个节点:定位节点将改进的Super4PCS与标准ICP相结合,以实现从粗到精的扫描匹配,并以高频(5 Hz)输出机器人的位置信息;校正节点引入了具有动态体素网格存储结构的局部地图,这样可以加快关键帧与本地地图之间的NDT(正态分布变换)匹配过程,然后以较低的频率(1 Hz)校正定位节点,以获得更准确的位置信息。在闭环功能中,引入了基于位置的环检测方法,并使用点云的重叠率来验证环,从而可以进行全局优化以获得高精度的轨迹和地图估计。所提出的方法已在KITTI里程表基准上进行了广泛评估,并在现实的校园和港口环境中进行了测试。结果表明,该方法对GPS / INS的依赖度低,定位精度高(全局漂移小于1%),环境鲁棒性好。然后以较低的频率(1 Hz)校正定位节点,以获得更准确的位置信息。在闭环功能中,引入了基于位置的环检测方法,并使用点云的重叠率来验证环,从而可以进行全局优化以获得高精度的轨迹和地图估计。所提出的方法已在KITTI里程表基准上进行了广泛评估,并在现实的校园和港口环境中进行了测试。结果表明,该方法对GPS / INS的依赖度低,定位精度高(全局漂移小于1%),环境鲁棒性好。然后以较低的频率(1 Hz)校正定位节点,以获得更准确的位置信息。在闭环功能中,引入了基于位置的环检测方法,并使用点云的重叠率来验证环,从而可以进行全局优化以获得高精度的轨迹和地图估计。所提出的方法已在KITTI里程表基准上进行了广泛评估,并在现实的校园和港口环境中进行了测试。结果表明,该方法对GPS / INS的依赖度低,定位精度高(全局漂移小于1%),环境鲁棒性好。引入了基于位置的环路检测方法,并利用点云的重叠率对环路进行验证,从而可以进行全局优化以获得高精度的轨迹和地图估计。所提出的方法已在KITTI里程表基准上进行了广泛评估,并在现实的校园和港口环境中进行了测试。结果表明,该方法对GPS / INS的依赖度低,定位精度高(全局漂移小于1%),环境鲁棒性好。引入了基于位置的环路检测方法,并利用点云的重叠率对环路进行验证,从而可以进行全局优化以获得高精度的轨迹和地图估计。所提出的方法已在KITTI里程表基准上进行了广泛评估,并在现实的校园和港口环境中进行了测试。结果表明,该方法对GPS / INS的依赖度低,定位精度高(全局漂移小于1%),环境鲁棒性好。

更新日期:2020-10-11
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