While rechargeable batteries are critical for fighting the climate crisis, they are not free of environmental and social impacts. Here, we provide a robust, holistic, and accessible framework for researchers to use to assess these impacts for any battery material. The framework addresses four key issues present during the battery manufacturing process: (i) total energy use and emissions, (ii) toxicity, (iii) habitat destruction, and (iv) social impact. This article also includes example impact assessments for three battery chemistries that are being intensely pursued for current and future energy storage applications: (i) LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (NMC811)-graphite, (ii) LiFePO₄ (LFP)-graphite, and (iii) aqueous Na-ion. Based on the results of these assessments, we offer the following recommendations for making batteries more environmentally and socially responsible. First, given the human rights issues related to its extraction, cobalt usage must be eliminated entirely. To reduce energy use and emissions, the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent should be eliminated. To reduce battery toxicity significantly, low toxicity electrolyte salts and non-toxic binders should be used. Iron and manganese-based cathodes are less toxic, less energy-intensive alternatives to cobalt and nickel-based cathodes. Lastly, to preserve habitat, sodium should be used over lithium for grid storage and cellulose separators over polyethylene separators for all applications.

中文翻译：

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致力于对环境和社会负责的电池

尽管可充电电池对于应对气候危机至关重要，但它们并没有受到环境和社会影响。在这里，我们为研究人员提供了一个健壮，整体且可访问的框架，以用于评估对任何电池材料的影响。该框架解决了电池制造过程中存在的四个关键问题：（i）总能源使用和排放，（ii）毒性，（iii）栖息地破坏，以及（iv）社会影响。本文还提供了针对三种电池化学物质的影响评估示例，这些化学物质在当前和未来的储能应用中都在大力追求：（i）LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂（NMC811）-石墨，（ii）LiFePO ₄（LFP）-石墨，和（iii）钠水溶液。根据这些评估的结果，我们提供以下建议，以使电池更具环境和社会责任感。首先，鉴于与提取有关的人权问题，必须完全消除钴的使用。为了减少能源消耗和排放，应消除N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）溶剂。为了显着降低电池毒性，应使用低毒性电解质盐和无毒粘合剂。铁和锰基阴极的毒性较小，替代钴和镍基阴极的能源消耗较小。最后，为了保护栖息地，对于所有应用，应在锂上使用钠代替锂用于网格存储，并在聚乙烯分离器上使用纤维素分离器。