A geometric error determines the quality and function of a product to a certain extent. Cylindricity error is an important indicator of the geometric error of form parts. In recent years, with the development of geometric product verification and specification (GPS), the specification of the cylindricity error and high-precision detection have become the focus in the field of industrial metrology. In this paper, by analyzing the existing cylindricity evaluation strategy, a new method for cylindricity error evaluation based on increment-simplex algorithm is proposed. The purpose is to improve the efficiency of cylindricity error analysis on the basis of ensuring the accuracy requirements. First, according to the GPS specification, the characteristics and applications of the circular section method, the helicoid line method, the generatrix line method, and the bird-cage method for the extraction operation are analyzed. And for the fitting operation, the mathematical models of the cylindricity fitting for the least squares cylinder, minimum circumscribed cylinder, maximum inscribed cylinder, and minimum zone cylinder in cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems are constructed. Second, a new method of cylindricity error optimization evaluation based on the incremental optimization method is proposed. A theoretical analysis of the new method is made with the circular section method as an example, and the specific steps of cylindricity error analysis based on the circular section method of the new method are given. Finally, experiments and analysis are carried out, and the accuracies and evaluation efficiencies of the cylindricity error of the different cylindricity measurement and evaluation strategies are compared and analyzed. The results and operating efficiency of the increment-simplex algorithm and the traditional algorithms are compared, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the new method are proved.

几何误差在一定程度上决定了产品的质量和功能。圆柱度误差是成形零件几何误差的重要指标。近年来，随着几何产品验证与规范（GPS）的发展，圆柱度误差的规范和高精度检测成为工业计量领域的焦点。本文在分析现有圆柱度评估策略的基础上，提出了一种基于增量单纯形算法的圆柱度误差评估新方法。目的是在保证精度要求的基础上，提高圆柱度误差分析的效率。首先，根据GPS规范，分析了圆截面法、螺旋线法、母线法、鸟笼法等提取作业的特点及应用。并针对拟合操作，建立了笛卡尔坐标系和柱坐标系下最小二乘圆柱、最小外接圆柱、最大内接圆柱和最小区域圆柱的圆柱拟合数学模型。其次，提出了一种基于增量优化法的圆柱度误差优化评估新方法。以圆截面法为例对新方法进行了理论分析，给出了新方法基于圆截面法的圆柱度误差分析的具体步骤。最后进行实验分析，比较分析不同圆柱度测量和评价策略的圆柱度误差精度和评价效率。将增量单纯形算法与传统算法的结果和运行效率进行比较，证明了新方法的有效性和可行性。