Livestock domestication has long been a part of agriculture, estimated to have first occurred approximately 10 000 years ago. Despite the plethora of traits studied, there is little understanding of the possible impacts domestication has had on internal organs, which are key determinants of survival. Moreover, the genetic basis of observed associated changes in artificial environments is still puzzling. Here we examine impacts of captivity on two organs in Atlantic salmon (Salar salar) that have been domesticated for approximately 50 years: heart and liver, in addition to growth. We studied multiple families of wild, domesticated, F₁ and F₂ hybrid, and backcrossed strains of S. salar in replicated common garden tanks during the freshwater and marine stages of development. Heart and liver weight were investigated, along with heart morphology metrics examined in just the wild, domesticated and F₁ hybrid strains (heart height and width). Growth was positively linked with the proportion of the domesticated strain, and recombination in F₂ hybrids (and the potential disruption of co-adapted gene complexes) did not influence growth. Despite the influence of domestication on growth, we found no evidence for domestication-driven divergence in heart or liver morphology. However, sexual dimorphism was detected in heart morphology, and after controlling for body size, females exhibited significantly larger heart weight and heart width when compared with males. Wild females also had an increased heart height when compared with wild males, and this was not observed in any other strain. Females sampled in saltwater showed significantly larger heart height with rounder hearts, than saltwater males. Collectively, these results demonstrate an additive basis of growth and, despite a strong influence of domestication on growth, no clear evidence of changes in heart or liver morphology associated with domestication was identified.

畜牧业驯化长期以来一直是农业的一部分，估计最早发生于一万年前。尽管研究了许多特质，但对驯化对内部器官的可能影响知之甚少，而内部器官是存活的关键因素。而且，在人工环境中观察到的相关变化的遗传基础仍然令人困惑。在这里，我们研究了圈养对大西洋鲑（Salar salar）已被驯化大约50年的两个器官（心脏和肝脏以及生长）的影响。我们研究了野生，驯化，F ₁和F ₂杂种以及撒拉族回交菌株的多个家族在淡水和海洋开发阶段将其复制到普通的花园水箱中。研究了心脏和肝脏的重量，以及仅在野生，家养和F ₁杂种菌株（心脏的高度和宽度）中检查的心脏形态指标。生长与驯化菌株的比例以及F _2中的重组呈正相关杂种（以及潜在的共同适应基因复合体的破坏）不影响生长。尽管驯化对生长有影响，但我们没有发现驯化驱动的心脏或肝脏形态差异的证据。然而，在心脏形态上检测到性二态性，并且在控制了体型之后，与男性相比，女性表现出明显更大的心脏重量和心脏宽度。与野生雄性相比，野生雌性的心脏高度也增加了，在任何其他品系中均未观察到。与盐水男性相比，在盐水中取样的雌性显示出具有圆形心脏的心脏高度明显更大。这些结果共同证明了增长的累加基础，尽管驯化对增长有很大影响，