In tissue engineering, natural hydrogel scaffolds gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility and similarity to macromolecular-based components in the body. However, their low mechanical strength and high degradation degree limit their biomedical application. By varying the composition of hydrogels, their biochemical and mechanical properties can be improved. In this study, the stability of fibrin and collagen hydrogels and their composites with decellularized Wharton’s jelly extract (DEWJ) was improved using proanthocyanidin (PA) as a cross-linker, extracted from grape seeds. The cytocompatibility, physicochemical and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated. Human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) were seeded on the hydrogels and their attachment, morphology, and proliferation were investigated using a scanning electron and optical microscopy. Our results showed that hydrogels containing DEWJ along with PA enhance cell proliferation and showed higher mechanical properties compared with the fibrin and collagen hydrogel. The results present the potential utility of these hydrogels in tissue engineering and for application in three-dimensional culture.

中文翻译：

---

原花青素作为纤维蛋白、胶原水凝胶及其与脱细胞沃顿氏胶提取物复合材料的交联剂，用于组织工程应用

在组织工程中，天然水凝胶支架因其生物相容性和与体内大分子成分的相似性而受到广泛关注。然而，它们的低机械强度和高降解程度限制了它们的生物医学应用。通过改变水凝胶的组成，可以改善它们的生化和机械性能。在这项研究中，使用从葡萄籽中提取的原花青素 (PA) 作为交联剂，提高了纤维蛋白和胶原蛋白水凝胶及其与脱细胞沃顿氏果冻提取物 (DEWJ) 复合物的稳定性。评估了水凝胶的细胞相容性、物理化学和机械性能。人类子宫内膜干细胞 (hEnSCs) 被接种在水凝胶上，它们的附着、形态、使用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜研究增殖和增殖。我们的结果表明，与纤维蛋白和胶原蛋白水凝胶相比，含有 DEWJ 和 PA 的水凝胶可增强细胞增殖，并显示出更高的机械性能。结果展示了这些水凝胶在组织工程和三维培养中的应用的潜在效用。