Background. A neuroprosthesis (NP) is a medical device that compensates and restores functionality of neural dysfunctions affected by different pathologies and conditions. To this end, an implantable NP (INP) must monitor and electrically stimulate neuronal small structures in the peripheral and central nervous system. Therefore, one of the most important parts of INPs are the sensors and electrodes since their size, resolution, and material are key for their design and performance. Currently, most of the studies focus only on the INP application but do not show the technical considerations of the sensors. Objective. This paper is a systematic literature review that summarizes and synthesizes implantable micro- and nanosensors/electrodes used in INPs for sensing and stimulating tissues. Data Sources. Articles and patents published in English were searched from electronic databases. No restrictions were made in terms of country or journal. Study Selection. All reports related to sensors/electrodes applied in INPs were included, focusing on micro- and nanotechnologies. Main Outcome Measures. Performance and potential profit. Results. There was a total of 153 selected articles from the 2010 to June 2020 period, of which 16 were about cardiac pacemakers, 15 cochlear implants, 13 retinal prosthesis, 31 deep brain stimulation, 6 bladder implants, and 18 implantable motor NPs. All those INPs are used for support or recovery of neural functions for hearing, seeing, pacing, and motor control, as well as bladder and bowel control. Micro- and nanosensors for signal stimulation and recording have four special requirements to meet: biocompatibility, long-term reliability, high selectivity, and low-energy consumption. Current and future considerations in sensor/electrode design should focus on improving efficiency and safety. This review is a first approximation for those who work on INP design; it offers an idea of the complexity on the matter and can guide them to specific references on the subject.

中文翻译：

---

基于微型和纳米传感器的神经假体设备：系统评价

背景。神经假体（NP）是一种医疗设备，可以补偿和恢复受不同病理和状况影响的神经功能障碍的功能。为此，植入式NP（INP）必须监视并电刺激周围和中枢神经系统中的神经元小结构。因此，传感器和电极是INP最重要的部分之一，因为它们的尺寸，分辨率和材料是其设计和性能的关键。当前，大多数研究仅集中在INP应用上，而没有显示传感器的技术考虑。目的。本文是一篇系统的文献综述，总结和综合了INP中用于感测和刺激组织的植入式微型和纳米传感器/电极。数据源。从电子数据库中搜索以英文发表的文章和专利。在国家或期刊方面没有任何限制。研究选择。包括与INP中应用的传感器/电极有关的所有报告，重点是微米和纳米技术。主要结果措施。绩效和潜在利润。结果。从2010年到2020年6月，共有153篇入选文章，其中16篇涉及心脏起搏器，15例人工耳蜗，13例视网膜假体，31例深部脑刺激，6例膀胱植入物和18项可植入运动NP。所有这些INP用于支持或恢复神经功能，以进行听觉，视觉，起搏和运动控制，以及膀胱和肠道控制。用于信号刺激和记录的微型和纳米传感器有四个特殊要求要满足：生物相容性，长期可靠性，高选择性和低能耗。传感器/电极设计的当前和将来考虑应集中在提高效率和安全性上。对于那些从事INP设计工作的人来说，这篇评论是第一近似的。