Functional disorders and injuries of urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter may necessitate the application of urologic reconstructive surgeries to recover normal urine passage, prevent progressive damages of these organs and upstream structures, and improve the quality of life of patients. Reconstructive surgeries are generally very invasive procedures that utilize autologous tissues. In addition to imperfect functional outcomes, these procedures are associated with significant complications owing to long-term contact of urine with unspecific tissues, donor site morbidity, and lack of sufficient tissue for vast reconstructions. Thanks to the extensive advancements in tissue engineering strategies, reconstruction of the diseased urologic organs through tissue engineering have provided promising vistas during the last two decades. Several biomaterials and fabrication methods have been utilized for reconstruction of the urinary tract in animal models and human subjects; however, limited success has been reported, which inspires the application of new methods and biomaterials. Electrospinning is the primary method for the production of nanofibers from a broad array of natural and synthetic biomaterials. The biomimetic structure of electrospun scaffolds provides an ECM-like matrix that can modulate cells’ function. In addition, electrospinning is a versatile technique for the incorporation of drugs, biomolecules, and living cells into the constructed scaffolds. This method can also be integrated with other fabrication procedures to achieve hybrid smart constructs with improved performance. Herein, we reviewed the application and outcomes of electrospun scaffolds in tissue engineering of bladder, urethra, and ureter. First, we presented the current status of tissue engineering in each organ, then reviewed electrospun scaffolds from the simplest to the most intricate designs, and summarized the outcomes of preclinical (animal) studies in this area.

中文翻译：

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静电纺丝：泌尿组织工程的应用与展望

膀胱、尿道和输尿管的功能障碍和损伤可能需要应用泌尿重建手术来恢复正常的尿道，防止这些器官和上游结构的进行性损伤，提高患者的生活质量。重建手术通常是利用自体组织的非常侵入性的手术。除了不完美的功能结果外，由于尿液与非特异性组织的长期接触、供体部位的发病率以及缺乏足够的组织进行大规模重建，这些手术还与严重的并发症有关。由于组织工程策略的广泛进步，在过去的二十年中，通过组织工程重建患病泌尿器官提供了有希望的前景。几种生物材料和制造方法已被用于动物模型和人类受试者的泌尿道重建；然而，报告的成功有限，这激发了新方法和生物材料的应用。静电纺丝是从各种天然和合成生物材料生产纳米纤维的主要方法。静电纺丝支架的仿生结构提供了一种类似 ECM 的基质，可以调节细胞的功能。此外，静电纺丝是一种将药物、生物分子和活细胞掺入构建的支架中的通用技术。这种方法还可以与其他制造程序集成，以实现具有改进性能的混合智能构造。在此处，我们回顾了电纺支架在膀胱、尿道和输尿管组织工程中的应用和结果。首先，我们介绍了每个器官组织工程的现状，然后从最简单到最复杂的设计回顾了电纺支架，并总结了该领域的临床前（动物）研究结果。