This review focuses on the current knowledge on the involvement of metal ions in signaling processes within the cell, in both physiological and pathological conditions. The first section is devoted to the recent discoveries on magnesium and calcium-dependent signal transduction—the most recognized signaling agents among metals. The following sections then describe signaling pathways where zinc, copper, and iron play a key role. There are many systems in which changes in intra- and extra-cellular zinc and copper concentrations have been linked to important downstream events, especially in nervous signal transduction. Iron signaling is mostly related with its homeostasis. However, it is also involved in a recently discovered type of programmed cell death, ferroptosis. The important differences in metal ion signaling, and its disease-leading alterations, are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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金属离子作为健康和疾病信号剂的一般方面

本综述侧重于当前关于金属离子在生理和病理条件下参与细胞内信号传导过程的知识。第一部分致力于镁和钙依赖性信号转导的最新发现——金属中最受认可的信号转导剂。接下来的部分描述了锌、铜和铁发挥关键作用的信号通路。在许多系统中，细胞内和细胞外锌和铜浓度的变化与重要的下游事件有关，尤其是在神经信号转导中。铁信号主要与其体内平衡有关。然而，它也与最近发现的一种程序性细胞死亡类型铁死亡有关。金属离子信号的重要区别，