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SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-06 , DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14512
Brittany Woodby 1 , Michelle M Arnold 2 , Giuseppe Valacchi 1, 3, 4
Affiliation  

Abstract Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19–associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID‐19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD‐19–associated immunopathology, enhancing virus‐induced tissue inflammation and damage.

中文翻译:

SARS-CoV-2 感染、COVID-19 发病机制和空气污染暴露:有何联系?

摘要 此前人们认为接触空气污染物与呼吸道病毒感染有关,包括流感、麻疹、腮腺炎、鼻病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒。流行病学研究还表明,空气污染暴露与 SARS-CoV-2 感染病例和 COVID-19 相关死亡率的增加有关,尽管污染物暴露影响病毒感染和 COVID-19 发病机制的分子机制仍不清楚。在这篇综述中,我们提出了可以解释这种关联的潜在分子机制。我们重点关注暴露于二氧化氮 (NO2)、臭氧 (O3) 和颗粒物 (PM) 的潜在影响,因为有研究调查暴露于这些污染物如何影响其他病毒的生命周期。我们得出的结论是,污染物暴露可能会影响病毒生命周期的不同阶段,包括粘膜纤毛清除的抑制、进入所需的病毒受体和蛋白酶的改变、抗病毒干扰素产生和病毒复制的变化、自噬介导的病毒组装的变化、预防巨噬细胞的摄取,并通过增加上皮通透性促进病毒传播。我们认为,接触污染物会使适应性免疫反应偏向细菌/过敏性免疫反应,而不是抗病毒反应。暴露于空气污染物还可能使暴露人群容易出现与 COIVD-19 相关的免疫病理学,从而增强病毒引起的组织炎症和损伤。
更新日期:2020-10-06
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