The surface mineral modification of montmorillonite (Mt) layers was carried out by removing some of the exchangeable cations and anions (salts) using dimethylformamide as a chelating agent. The rest unremoved exchangeable cations were balanced by the permanent negative charges in the Mt layers. The modified Mt layers were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The completely exfoliated modified Mt layers were composed of polyethylcyanoacrylate (PECA) at different ratios 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15% (wt/wt). The obtained composites were investigated by molar mass, FTIR, small-angle X-ray diffraction, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, HR-SEM, DLS, and TGA. The results showed that the exchangeable cations and anions (salts) were removed from the surfaces of Mt layers, and all the percentages of loaded Mt layers were completely exfoliated in the bulk of PECA. TEM morphology exhibited clearly separated modified Mt layers due to removing the salts. SEM morphology showed highly exfoliated modified Mt layers in PECA bulk. TGA and nanoindentation data were showed increases in both thermal stability and mechanical properties of prepared composites by increasing the ratios of modified Mt layers in the bulk of PECA.

中文翻译：

---

高度剥离蒙脱石聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯/改性Mt复合材料的性能

蒙脱石（Mt）层的表面矿物改性是通过使用二甲基甲酰胺作为螯合剂去除一些可交换的阳离子和阴离子（盐）来进行的。其余未去除的可交换阳离子由 Mt 层中的永久负电荷平衡。改性的 Mt 层通过 X 射线荧光、高分辨率扫描电子显微镜 (HR-SEM)、动态光散射 (DLS) 和高分辨率透射电子显微镜进行表征。完全剥离的改性 Mt 层由不同比例的聚氰基丙烯酸乙酯 (PECA) 组成，比例为 1、3、5、7、10 和 15% (wt/wt)。通过摩尔质量、FTIR、小角X射线衍射、广角X射线衍射、HR-SEM、DLS和TGA对所得复合材料进行了研究。结果表明，从 Mt 层表面去除了可交换的阳离子和阴离子（盐），并且所有百分比的负载 Mt 层在 PECA 的主体中完全脱落。由于去除了盐，TEM 形态表现出明显分离的改性 Mt 层。SEM 形态显示 PECA 本体中高度剥离的改性 Mt 层。TGA 和纳米压痕数据表明，通过增加改性 Mt 层在 PECA 主体中的比例，制备的复合材料的热稳定性和机械性能均有所提高。