Ethiprole has been widely used in agriculture, but there have been few studies on the adverse effects of ethiprole on nontarget organisms. This study focused on the mechanism of the sublethal effects of ethiprole on the development, antioxidation mechanisms, detoxification mechanisms and immune-related gene expression of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Honeybee larvae were found to be more sensitive than pupae to ethiprole. It was found that ethiprole inhibited the pupation and eclosion of bee larvae in a dose-dependent manner, with ethiprole doses of 1 × 10^–3 mg/L decreasing pupation and eclosion rates to 50.00 ± 8.84% and 20.83 ± 10.62%, respectively. The activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and detoxification factors (glutathione and glutathione S-transferase) were also significantly increased in ethiprole-exposed honeybees, indicating that a sublethal dose of ethiprole also induced oxidative stress in honeybees. In the 1 × 10^–3 mg/L ethiprole-exposure group, the expression of pathogen recognition-related gene PGRP-4300 was upregulated 11.10 ± 0.45-fold, and that of detoxification-related gene CYP4G11 was upregulated 8.84 ± 0.11-fold, indicating that ethiprole induced an immune reaction in honeybees. To the best our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration that sublethal concentrations of ethiprole inhibit honeybee development and activate honeybee defense and immune systems.

乙腈已被广泛用于农业，但是关于乙腈对非目标生物的不利影响的研究很少。这项研究的重点的乙虫腈的发展，抗氧化机制，解毒机制和蜜蜂的免疫相关基因表达的亚致死效应机制（蜜蜂大号。）。蜜蜂幼虫被发现比p更敏感。结果发现，乙啶以1×10 ^–3的剂量抑制蜂幼虫的化脓和羽化。 mg / L的化p率和抽clo率分别降低至50.00±8.84％和20.83±10.62％。在乙腈暴露的蜜蜂中，抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶）的活性和解毒因子（谷胱甘肽和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶）的活性也显着增加，这表明亚致死剂量的乙锭也可引起蜜蜂的氧化应激。在1×10 ^–3  mg / L乙腈暴露组中，病原体识别相关基因PGRP-4300的表达上调11.10±0.45倍，而解毒相关基因CYP4G11的表达上调上调了8.84±0.11倍，表明乙丙胺可诱导蜜蜂产生免疫反应。就我们所知，这项研究代表了乙硫醇的亚致死浓度抑制蜜蜂的发育并激活蜜蜂的防御和免疫系统。