The neurological coordination of the lower urinary tract can be analyzed from the perspective of motor neurons or sensory neurons. First, sensory nerves with receptors in the bladder and urethra transmits stimuli to the cerebral cortex through the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain. Upon the recognition of stimuli, the cerebrum carries out decision-making in response. Motor neurons are divided into upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs) and UMNs coordinate storage and urination in the brainstem for synergic voiding. In contrast, LMNs, which originate in the spinal cord, cause muscles to contract. These neurons are present in the sacrum, and in particular, a specific neuron group called Onuf's nucleus is responsible for the contraction of the external urethral sphincter and maintains continence in states of rising vesical pressure through voluntary contraction of the sphincter. Parasympathetic neurons originating from S2-S4 are responsible for the contraction of bladder muscles, while sympathetic neurons are responsible for contraction of the urethral smooth muscle, including the bladder neck, during the guarding reflex. UMNs are controlled in the pons where various motor stimuli to the LMNs are directed along with control to various other pelvic organs, and in the PAG, where complex signals from the brain are received and integrated. Future understanding of the complex mechanisms of micturition requires integrative knowledge from various fields encompassing these distinct disciplines.

中文翻译：

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下尿路神经控制研究的过去，现在和未来。

可以从运动神经元或感觉神经元的角度分析下尿路的神经系统协调性。首先，在膀胱和尿道中具有受体的感觉神经通过中脑的导水管周围灰色（PAG）将刺激传递到大脑皮层。一旦识别出刺激，大脑就会做出相应的决策。运动神经元分为上运动神经元（UMN）和下运动神经元（LMN），而UMN协调脑干中的储存和排尿，以实现协同排尿。相反，起源于脊髓的LMN导致肌肉收缩。这些神经元存在于the骨中，特别是存在于称为Onuf'的特定神经元组中。s核负责外部尿道括约肌的收缩，并在由于自发括约肌的收缩而引起膀胱压力升高的状态下保持节制。源自S2-S4的副交感神经元负责膀胱肌肉的收缩，而交感神经元负责在保护性反射过程中对包括膀胱颈在内的尿道平滑肌的收缩。在脑桥中控制UMN，其中对LMN的各种运动刺激与对其他盆腔器官的控制一起被控制，而在PAG中，从大脑接收并整合复杂信号的PAG被控制。未来对排尿复杂机制的理解需要来自各个领域的综合知识，这些领域涵盖了这些不同的学科。