Range uncertainty remains a big concern in particle therapy, as it may cause target dose degradation and normal tissue overdosing. Positron emission tomography (PET) and prompt gamma imaging (PGI) are two promising modalities for range verification. However, the relatively long acquisition time of PET and the relatively low yield of PGI pose challenges for real-time range verification. In this paper, we explore using the primary Carbon-11 (C-11) ion beams to enhance the gamma yield compared to the primary C-12 ion beams to improve PET and PGI by using Monte Carlo simulations of water and PMMA phantoms at four incident energies (95, 200, 300, and 430 MeV u −1 ). Prompt gammas (PGs) and annihilation gammas (AGs) were recorded for post-processing to mimic PGI and PET imaging, respectively. We used both time-of-flight (TOF) and energy selections for PGI, which boosted the ratio of PGs to background neutrons to 2.44, up from 0.87 without the selections. At the lowest inciden...

中文翻译：

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通过即时伽马和湮没伽马测量验证碳 11 和碳 12 光束范围：蒙特卡罗模拟

范围不确定性仍然是粒子治疗中的一个大问题，因为它可能导致目标剂量下降和正常组织过量。正电子发射断层扫描 (PET) 和快速伽马成像 (PGI) 是两种有前途的距离验证方式。然而，PET 相对较长的采集时间和 PGI 相对较低的产量对实时范围验证提出了挑战。在本文中，我们通过使用蒙特卡罗模拟水和 PMMA 模型在四入射能量（95、200、300 和 430 MeV u -1 ）。记录瞬发伽马 (PG) 和湮没伽马 (AG) 用于后处理以分别模拟 PGI 和 PET 成像。我们对 PGI 使用了飞行时间 (TOF) 和能量选择，这将 PG 与背景中子的比率从没有选择的 0.87 提高到 2.44。在最低的事件...