There is a growing need to better understand and quantify risks associated with extreme weather, including severe thunderstorm‐related hazards such as hail and lightning. Hail occurrence based on a long‐term archive of radar observations is presented for the first time in many temperate and subtropical regions of Australia, together with lightning observations from a ground‐based network of sensors. Mean monthly and hourly occurrence frequencies are examined for hail and lightning. Environmental conditions obtained from hourly reanalysis data indicate stronger wind shear on average for hail than lightning. The environmental conditions also indicate higher freezing levels on average for lightning than hail. These environmental differences provide plausible physical reasons for observed differences between hail and lightning climatology through the year. The study results are intended to help inform future planning and preparedness for thunderstorm‐related risks, including for severe weather forecasting and climate risk applications.

中文翻译：

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使用澳大利亚各地的长期观测资料量化冰雹和雷击的风险因素

越来越需要更好地了解和量化与极端天气相关的风险，包括与雷暴相关的严重危害，例如冰雹和闪电。在澳大利亚的许多温带和亚热带地区，首次出现了基于长期雷达观测档案的雹灾，以及来自地面传感器网络的闪电观测。检查平均每月和每小时的出现频率是否有冰雹和闪电。从每小时再分析数据获得的环境条件表明，平均而言，冰雹的风切变强于闪电。环境条件还表明，闪电平均比冰雹要高。这些环境差异为全年观察到的冰雹和闪电气候之间的差异提供了合理的物理原因。研究结果旨在帮助为雷暴相关风险（包括严峻的天气预报和气候风险应用）的未来计划和准备提供信息。