Many group‐living primate species have evolved the capacity for some individuals to live alone for part of their lives, but this solitary life stage has rarely been the subject of focused research. The mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) is a social primate species with bisexual dispersal that lives in mixed‐sex groups with low male‐to‐female sex ratios. Consequently, males often spend a long period of their lives as solitary individuals. This study compares the tree use, feeding, and long‐distance vocalization behavior of solitary and group‐living mantled howler monkey males living within a fragmented rainforest in Costa Rica, La Suerte Biological Research Station. Based on differences in competitive ability between solitary and group‐living males, we predicted that lone males would be found in significantly smaller feeding and resting trees, consume more low‐quality foods, and produce shorter howling bouts made at lower rates than group‐living males.

中文翻译：

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孤独的雄性：哥斯达黎加雨林中的独居和成群生活的雄性ler猴（Alouatta palliata）行为生态学

许多集体生活的灵长类动物已经进化出一些人可以部分生活的能力，但这种孤独的生活阶段很少成为重点研究的主题。斗how的猴子（Alouatta palliata）是具有双性恋散布的社交灵长类动物，生活在男女性别比低的混合性别群体中。因此，男性经常作为独居者度过很长的一生。这项研究比较了居住在拉苏尔特生物学研究站哥斯达黎加的零星雨林中的孤零零和成群生活的man叫ler猴的树的使用，取食和远距离发声行为。根据独居雄性和成群雄性之间竞争能力的差异，我们预测，成年雄性会在较小的采食和休息树中发现，食用更多低质量的食物，并以比成活率低的速率产生较短的how叫男性。