In this review, few established cell printing techniques along with their parameters that affect the cell viability during bioprinting are considered. 3D bioprinting is developed on the principle of additive manufacturing using biomaterial inks and bioinks. Different bioprinting methods impose few challenges on cell printing such as shear stress, mechanical impact, heat, laser radiation, etc., which eventually lead to cell death. These factors also cause alteration of cells phenotype, recoverable or irrecoverable damages to the cells. Such challenges are not addressed in detail in the literature and scientific reports. Hence, this review presents a detailed discussion of several cellular bioprinting methods and their process‐related impacts on cell viability, followed by probable mitigation techniques. Most of the printable bioinks encompass cells within hydrogel as scaffold material to avoid the direct exposure of the harsh printing environment on cells. However, the advantages of printing with scaffold‐free cellular aggregates over cell‐laden hydrogels have emerged very recently. Henceforth, optimal and favorable crosslinking mechanisms providing structural rigidity to the cell‐laden printed constructs with ideal cell differentiation and proliferation, are discussed for improved understanding of cell printing methods for the future of organ printing and transplantation.

中文翻译：

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生物3D打印工艺参数对生物墨水细胞活性的影响

在这篇综述中，很少考虑已建立的细胞打印技术及其影响生物打印过程中细胞活力的参数。3D 生物打印是根据使用生物材料墨水和生物墨水的增材制造原理开发的。不同的生物打印方法对细胞打印几乎没有挑战，例如剪切应力、机械冲击、热量、激光辐射等，最终导致细胞死亡。这些因素也会引起细胞表型的改变，对细胞造成可恢复或不可恢复的损害。文献和科学报告中没有详细讨论这些挑战。因此，本综述详细讨论了几种细胞生物打印方法及其对细胞活力的过程相关影响，然后是可能的缓解技术。大多数可印刷的生物墨水都将水凝胶中的细胞作为支架材料，以避免直接暴露在细胞上的恶劣印刷环境中。然而，最近出现了用无支架细胞聚集体打印相对于载有细胞的水凝胶的优势。此后，讨论了最佳和有利的交联机制，为具有理想细胞分化和增殖的细胞打印构建体提供结构刚性，以增进对未来器官打印和移植的细胞打印方法的理解。