1. Unsustainable hunting of wildlife is one of the greatest threats to diverse and healthy forests, yet our understanding of hunting activity is limited by our methods of accurately identifying its intensity and distribution. Several methods have been used to quantify hunting in past studies (e.g. interviews, ranger patrols and camera traps). However, none of these alone have been able to produce precise spatiotemporal measures of hunting activity.
2. In this study, we used a new method to detect hunters through passive acoustic monitors and developed an integrated approach to measure hunting activity while simultaneously assessing its impacts on mammal populations using camera traps.
3. We applied a hierarchical community occupancy model that accounted for the imperfect detection of species on data from 45 trap locations, surveyed from January to June 2018, to investigate the impacts of spatial variation and intensity in hunting pressure on mammal species richness and occurrence in four protected areas in southern Belize. We developed spatiotemporally explicit indices of hunting activity separately from camera trap and acoustic monitor data and used a Bayesian model selection framework to identify predictors of site occurrence for individual species and three functional groups: carnivores, herbivores and omnivores.
4. We found that camera traps under‐detected hunting activity in the region by 939% compared to acoustic monitors.
5. Consistent with our predictions, hunting intensity was negatively correlated with site‐level species richness, with an average decrease in richness of 31% across its range of variation. Occurrence patterns for the three functional groups were also negatively associated with hunting intensity. Often the target of hunters, herbivores, displayed the strongest negative response to hunting, while omnivores were least affected.
6. Synthesis and applications. Unsustainable hunting of wildlife is a global phenomenon with wide‐ranging implications for ecological communities, especially mammals. Our study highlights mammal sensitivity to increasing hunting pressure at the community and species level and emphasizes the necessity for developing robust tools to accurately monitor hunting activity, while also providing a flexible framework for simultaneously assessing hunting and its impacts on mammal communities.

中文翻译：

---

衡量狩猎强度并评估其对哺乳动物种群影响的综合方法

1. 对野生动植物的不可持续捕猎是对多样化和健康森林的最大威胁之一，但是我们对狩猎活动的理解受到我们准确识别其强度和分布的方法的限制。在过去的研究中，已经使用了几种方法来量化狩猎（例如采访，巡逻员巡逻和相机陷阱）。但是，仅凭这些，都无法产生精确的时空测量狩猎活动。
2. 在这项研究中，我们使用了一种通过无源声学监测器检测猎人的新方法，并开发了一种综合方法来测量狩猎活动，同时使用照相机陷阱来评估其对哺乳动物种群的影响。
3. 我们应用了分级的社区占用模型，该模型解释了2018年1月至6月调查的45个诱集点数据中物种检测不完善的情况，以调查空间变化和狩猎压力强度对四个受保护物种的哺乳动物物种丰富度和发生率的影响伯利兹南部地区。我们从相机陷阱和声学监测器数据中分别开发出了狩猎活动的时空明确指标，并使用贝叶斯模型选择框架来识别单个物种和三个功能组（食肉动物，食草动物和杂食动物）发生地点的预测因素。
4. 我们发现，与声波监视器相比，摄像机陷阱在该区域的漏检活动降低了939％。
5. 与我们的预测一致，狩猎强度与站点级别物种的丰富度呈负相关，在整个变异范围内，平均丰富度降低了31％。这三个功能组的发生模式也与狩猎强度负相关。食草动物通常是猎人的目标，对狩猎的负面反应最强，杂食动物受到的影响最小。
6. 综合与应用。对野生生物的不可持续捕猎是一种全球现象，对生态社区，特别是哺乳动物具有广泛的影响。我们的研究强调了哺乳动物对社区和物种一级日益增加的狩猎压力的敏感性，并强调了开发可靠的工具以准确监控狩猎活动的必要性，同时还提供了同时评估狩猎及其对哺乳动物群落影响的灵活框架。