Crops are continuously exposed to microbial pathogens that cause tremendous yield losses worldwide. Stomatal pores formed by pairs of specialized guard cells in the leaf epidermis represent a major route of pathogen entry. Guard cells have an essential role as a first line of defense against pathogens. Metabolomics is an indispensable systems biology tool that has facilitated discovery and functional studies of metabolites that regulate stomatal movement in response to pathogens and other environmental factors. Guard cells, pathogens and environmental factors constitute the "stomatal disease triangle". The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances toward understanding the stomatal disease triangle in the context of newly discovered signaling molecules, hormone crosstalk, and consequent molecular changes that integrate pathogens and environmental sensing into stomatal immune responses. Future perspectives on emerging single-cell studies, multiomics and molecular imaging in the context of stomatal defense are discussed. Advances in this important area of plant biology will inform rational crop engineering and breeding for enhanced stomatal defense without disruption of other pathways that impact crop yield.

中文翻译：

---

气孔运动与疾病三角代谢组学研究进展与展望

作物持续暴露于微生物病原体，导致全球产量的巨大损失。由叶表皮中成对的特化保卫细胞形成的气孔代表病原体进入的主要途径。保卫细胞作为抵御病原体的第一道防线具有重要作用。代谢组学是一种不可或缺的系统生物学工具，它促进了对调节气孔运动以响应病原体和其他环境因素的代谢物的发现和功能研究。保卫细胞、病原体和环境因素构成了“气孔病三角”。本综述的目的是强调在新发现的信号分子、激素串扰、以及随后的分子变化，将病原体和环境感知整合到气孔免疫反应中。讨论了在气孔防御背景下新兴单细胞研究、多组学和分子成像的未来前景。植物生物学这一重要领域的进展将为合理的作物工程和育种提供信息，以增强气孔防御，而不会破坏影响作物产量的其他途径。