Purpose of Review

We review the dynamics of multiple equilibrium models with the adaptive cycle concept and propose a unified theoretical framework. We highlight how the shape of basins of attraction changes along secondary succession and how the shape is influenced by the properties of the adaptive cycle (i.e., potential, connectedness, and resilience) and by ecological traps such as poverty, rigidity, and lock-in. We use degraded forest ecosystems undergoing arrested succession as an example, how the new framework can improve our understanding of restoration and management options.

Recent Findings

Here, we highlight how the adaptive cycle uses three properties to describe ecosystem dynamics and how this information can be useful for management decisions at the stand level. “Potential” is related to biomass accumulation along succession; “connectedness” to the rigidity of internal control to resist external influences (e.g., disturbances), as quantified by the depth of the basin of attraction; and “resilience” to the ability of ecosystems to stay in a basin of attraction, as determined by the basin width. We integrate these aspects of the adaptive cycle with the basins of attraction model, ecological trap properties, and succession and disturbance concepts into a conceptual framework and highlight the resulting conceptual insights by contrasting forests that follow typical successional development (and associated provision of multiple ecosystem services) and forests that have arrested succession (e.g., degraded forests that do not provide desired ecosystem services). We use restoration practices aimed at overcoming arrested succession as examples how our framework can be downscaled to stand-level conditions. The framework views restoration practices as disturbances of different severities that may modify connectedness and resilience through the manipulation of species composition and the enhancement or constraint of resources (i.e., modifying a desirable basin of attraction by deepening and widening its shape to facilitate typical successional development or vice versa for an undesirable basin).

Summary

Our review led to a unified theoretical framework. The resulting conceptual basis will improve the general understanding of vegetation development, which is especially important for restoration efforts in novel, no-analog conditions, as expected under global change.

中文翻译：

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森林生态系统中融合多个平衡模型和自适应循环理论：对演替管理的启示

审查目的

我们用自适应循环概念回顾了多个平衡模型的动力学，并提出了一个统一的理论框架。我们重点介绍了吸引盆地的形状如何随着次生演替而发生变化，以及形状如何受到适应性循环的属性（即潜力，连通性和弹性）以及诸如贫困，僵化和锁定等生态陷阱的影响。我们以遭受逮捕演替的退化森林生态系统为例，说明新框架如何改善我们对恢复和管理选择的理解。

最近的发现

在这里，我们重点介绍了适应性循环如何使用三个属性来描述生态系统动态以及该信息如何对展位一级的管理决策有用。“潜力”与生物质沿演替积累有关；“联系”到内部控制的刚性，以抵抗外部影响（例如，干扰），这可以通过吸引盆的深度来量化；以及对生态系统在吸引盆地中停留的能力的“复原力”，这取决于盆地的宽度。我们将适应性循环的这些方面与吸引力模型，生态圈闭特性，以及将继承和扰动概念纳入概念框架，并通过对比遵循典型的继承发展的森林（以及相关的多种生态系统服务提供）和已阻止继承的森林（例如未提供所需生态系统服务的退化森林）来突出显示由此产生的概念见解）。我们以旨在克服被捕继承为目的的恢复实践为例，说明如何将我们的框架缩小到标准水平的条件。该框架将恢复实践视为不同严重程度的干扰，可以通过操纵物种组成和增强或限制资源（即，

概要

我们的审查导致了一个统一的理论框架。由此产生的概念基础将增进人们对植被发展的一般理解，这对于全球变化所期望的在新颖，无模拟的条件下的恢复工作尤其重要。