Disturbance to ecosystems in parks and protected areas from nature-based tourism and recreation is increasing in scale and severity, as are the impacts of climate change—but there is limited research examining the degree to which these anthropogenic disturbances interact. In this perspective paper, we draw on the available literature to expose complex recreation and climate interactions that may alter ecosystems of high conservation value such that important species and processes no longer persist. Our emphasis is on ecosystems in high demand for tourism and recreation that also are increasingly experiencing stress from climate change. We discuss the importance of developing predictive models of direct and indirect effects, including threshold and legacy effects at different levels of biological organization. We present a conceptual model of these interactions to initiate a dialog among researchers and managers so that new research approaches and managerial frameworks are advanced to address this emerging issue.

以自然为基础的旅游和娱乐活动对公园和保护区生态系统的干扰在规模和严重程度上都在增加，气候变化的影响也在增加——但关于这些人为干扰相互作用程度的研究有限。在这篇透视论文中，我们利用现有文献揭示了复杂的娱乐和气候相互作用，这些相互作用可能会改变具有高保护价值的生态系统，从而使重要的物种和过程不再持续存在。我们的重点是对旅游和娱乐有高需求的生态系统，这些生态系统也越来越受到气候变化的压力。我们讨论了开发直接和间接影响的预测模型的重要性，包括不同生物组织水平的阈值和遗留效应。