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Characterization of universal features of partially methylated domains across tissues and species
Epigenetics & Chromatin ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-02 , DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00363-7
Benjamin E Decato 1 , Jianghan Qu 1 , Xiaojing Ji 1 , Elvin Wagenblast 2, 3, 4 , Simon R V Knott 2, 5, 6 , Gregory J Hannon 2, 5, 7 , Andrew D Smith 1
Affiliation  

Partially methylated domains (PMDs) are a hallmark of epigenomes in reproducible and specific biological contexts, including cancer cells, the placenta, and cultured cell lines. Existing methods for deciding whether PMDs exist in a sample, as well as their identification, are few, often tailored to specific biological questions, and require high coverage samples for accurate identification. In this study, we outline a set of axioms that take a step towards a functional definition for PMDs, describe an improved method for comparable PMD detection across samples with substantially differing sequencing depths, and refine the decision criteria for whether a sample contains PMDs using a data-driven approach. Applying our method to 267 methylomes from 7 species, we corroborated recent results regarding the general association between replication timing and PMD state, and report identification of several reproducibly “escapee” genes within late-replicating domains that escape the reduced expression and hypomethylation of their immediate genomic neighborhood. We also explored the discordant PMD state of orthologous genes between human and mouse, and observed a directional association of PMD state with gene expression and local gene density. Our improved method makes low sequencing depth, population-level studies of PMD variation possible and our results further refine the model of PMD formation as one where sequence context and regional epigenomic features both play a role in gradual genome-wide hypomethylation.

中文翻译:

跨组织和物种的部分甲基化结构域的普遍特征的表征

部分甲基化结构域 (PMD) 是可重复和特定生物学环境中表观基因组的标志,包括癌细胞、胎盘和培养细胞系。用于确定样本中是否存在 PMD 及其识别的现有方法很少,通常针对特定的生物学问题量身定制,并且需要高覆盖率的样本才能准确识别。在这项研究中,我们概述了一组公理,这些公理朝着 PMD 的功能定义迈出了一步,描述了一种改进的方法,用于跨测序深度显着不同的样本进行可比 PMD 检测,并使用数据驱动的方法。将我们的方法应用于来自 7 个物种的 267 个甲基化组,我们证实了最近关于复制时间和 PMD 状态之间一般关联的结果,并报告了在晚期复制域中识别出几个可重复的“逃逸”基因,这些基因逃避了其直接基因组邻域的表达减少和低甲基化。我们还探索了人和小鼠之间直系同源基因的不协调 PMD 状态,并观察到 ​​PMD 状态与基因表达和局部基因密度的方向关联。我们改进的方法使得 PMD 变异的低测序深度、群体水平的研究成为可能,我们的结果进一步完善了 PMD 形成的模型,其中序列背景和区域表观基因组特征都在逐渐的全基因组低甲基化中发挥作用。并报告在晚期复制结构域中发现了几个可重复的“逃逸”基因,这些基因逃避了其直接基因组邻域的表达减少和低甲基化。我们还探索了人和小鼠之间直系同源基因的不协调 PMD 状态,并观察到 ​​PMD 状态与基因表达和局部基因密度的方向关联。我们改进的方法使得 PMD 变异的低测序深度、群体水平的研究成为可能,我们的结果进一步完善了 PMD 形成的模型,其中序列背景和区域表观基因组特征都在逐渐的全基因组低甲基化中发挥作用。并报告在晚期复制结构域中发现了几个可重复的“逃逸”基因,这些基因逃避了其直接基因组邻域的表达减少和低甲基化。我们还探索了人和小鼠之间直系同源基因的不协调 PMD 状态,并观察到 ​​PMD 状态与基因表达和局部基因密度的方向关联。我们改进的方法使得 PMD 变异的低测序深度、群体水平的研究成为可能,我们的结果进一步完善了 PMD 形成的模型,其中序列背景和区域表观基因组特征都在逐渐的全基因组低甲基化中发挥作用。并观察到 ​​PMD 状态与基因表达和局部基因密度的方向关联。我们改进的方法使得 PMD 变异的低测序深度、群体水平的研究成为可能,我们的结果进一步完善了 PMD 形成的模型,其中序列背景和区域表观基因组特征都在逐渐的全基因组低甲基化中发挥作用。并观察到 ​​PMD 状态与基因表达和局部基因密度的方向关联。我们改进的方法使得 PMD 变异的低测序深度、群体水平的研究成为可能,我们的结果进一步完善了 PMD 形成的模型,其中序列背景和区域表观基因组特征都在逐渐的全基因组低甲基化中发挥作用。
更新日期:2020-10-04
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