Background:Visuospatial skills are impaired in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Other related skills exist, such as spatial orientation have been poorly studied. The egocentric (based on internal cues) and allocentric frameworks (based on external cues) are used in daily spatial orientation. Depending onPD onset, the allocentric framework may have a higher level of impairment in tremor-dominant and the egocentric one in akinetic-rigid. Objective:To evaluate spatial orientation and visuospatial functions in PD patients and controls, and to assess whether their performance is related to disease duration and the PD subtype (tremor-dominant and akinetic-rigid). Methods:We evaluated egocentric and allocentric spatial orientation (Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks) and visuospatial abilities, span and working memory in 59 PD patients and 51 healthy controls. Results:Visuospatial skills, visuospatial span, and egocentric and allocentric orientation are affected in PD. Visuospatial skills and allocentric orientation undergo deterioration during the first 5 years of the disease progression, while egocentric orientation and visuospatial span do so at later stages (9–11 years). The akinetic-rigid subtype presents worse results in all the spatial abilities that were measured when compared to controls, and worse scores in visuospatial working memory, visuospatial abilities and allocentric orientation when compared to the tremor-dominant group. The tremor-dominant group performed worse than controls in egocentric and allocentric orientation. Conclusion:PD patients show deficits in their visuospatial abilities and in their egocentric and allocentric spatial orientation compared to controls, specifically in akinetic-rigid PD. Only spatial orientation are affected in tremor-dominant PD patients. Allocentric orientation is affected earlier in the progression of the disease.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病患者的视觉空间能力以及通过卡片放置测试测量的以自我为中心和异体中心的空间方向发生改变

背景：帕金森病 (PD) 患者的视觉空间技能受损。还存在其他相关技能，例如空间定向，研究得很少。自我中心（基于内部线索）和异己中心框架（基于外部线索）用于日常空间定位。根据 PD 的发病情况，异中心框架可能在震颤主导和以自我为中心的震颤中具有更高程度的损伤。目的：评估 PD 患者和对照组的空间定向和视觉空间功能，并评估他们的表现是否与病程和 PD 亚型（震颤主导和运动僵硬）有关。方法：我们评估了以自我为中心和以异为中心的空间取向（以自我为中心和以异体为中心的空间记忆任务）和视觉空间能力，59 名 PD 患者和 51 名健康对照者的跨度和工作记忆。结果：视觉空间技能、视觉空间跨度、自我中心和异中心取向在 PD 中受到影响。在疾病进展的前 5 年，视觉空间技能和异中心定向会恶化，而自我中心定向和视觉空间跨度在后期（9-11 岁）会恶化。与对照组相比，无运动刚性亚型在所有测量的空间能力方面表现出更差的结果，与震颤优势组相比，在视觉空间工作记忆、视觉空间能力和异心定向方面的得分更差。以震颤为主的组在以自我为中心和以异己为中心的方向上的表现比对照组差。结论：与对照组相比，PD 患者的视觉空间能力以及以自我为中心和以异体为中心的空间取向都存在缺陷，特别是在运动障碍刚性 PD 中。在震颤为主的 PD 患者中，只有空间方向受到影响。异中心取向在疾病进展的早期受到影响。